Bio principles unit 2

osmosis

diffusion across a semi-permiable membrane -facilitated diffusion involving water

Golgi Apparatus

-packaging center of cell -synthesises carbohydrates

solvent

the bigger portion of the solution -usually water

cytology

the study of cells

when it rains, what happens to the vacules of plant cells?

the water goes towards the solutes in the vacule and fill up the well wall

everything has thermal energy t/f

true

plants rely on ______ to maintain rigidity

turgidity

-tight junctions

urinary bladder needs to not leak, so they form extreamly tight junctions that can stretch like a ballon

which molecule is the most important to transport across membranes?

water

vinigar is mostly

water and acidic acid

carrier proteins

- integral transmembrane proteins; that is they exist permanently within and span the membrane across which they transport substances.

plamsa membrane

-"fluid mosiac model" -plasma=fluid mosiac-randomly thrown "mosiac, but not random at all -composed of a fluid like phospholipid bilayer, protiens, cholesterol and glycoproteins. -involved in ATP production and the electron transport system

isotonic

-2/98% vs. 2/98% -two solutions having the same osmotic pressure across a semipermeable membrane.

salt water fish

-3.5% more water will enter fish to reach equilibrium than fresh water fishes with a 1% tenocity

protiens

-3D structure responsible for function -passage way-membrane protien structured like a tube

Na/K exchange pump

-ATP driven -sodium out, potasium in -injecting someone with potasium chloride will kill them bc it can alter and diminish nerve functions

membrane pumps

-ATP required -permease is used to move a substance, usually in the opissite direction of diffusion -sodium patasium exchange pump. -all living cells have a charge difference

mitochondria

-ATP synthesis -has two membranes-CRISTA CRISTE

Nucleous

-DNA/chromosomes -controlles cellular activities via genes

Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum

-DOESN'T Have ribosomes -lipid synthesis

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

-HAS ribosomes -protein synthesis

facilitated diffusion

-a permease, or membrane enzyme carries a substance

absolute 0

-a theory that when there is no molecular motion at 0 K. -contradicts "everything must have energy"

cell theory

-all living things are composed of cells and come from living cells

channel protiens

-allows the transport of specific substances across a cell membrane

glycoprotiens

-antogens, name tags in all cells to identify self from not self.

Why is ATP needed in active transport?

-because active transport usually requires movement against the concentration gradient low --> high

chemiosmosis

-chemicals using osmosis -osmosis is 99.9% related to water, but sometimes it uses chemicals

prokaryotic cells

-classified by their shape -bacteria,archea and cyanobacteria -most abundant and succesfull organisms on the plant -more numerous than any other organism put together -nucleoid DNA in a continoius loop -loid=like -simple in organization with no nucleous or other membrane bound organlles -use flagella to rotate -ribosomes present- ALL organisms MUST have ribosomes. -plama membrane produces ATP -cell wall

Eukaryotes

-complex organization with membrane bound organelles, located inside the cell membrane

plasymolysis

-contraction of the protoplast of a cell of a cell as a result of loss of water from the cell

playsmolysis

-contraction of the protoplast of the plant cell

scanning electron microscope

-electrons are reflected off of a specimen and are analyzed by a computer to create a 3D image

endosymbiotic theory

-evolutionary theory that explains the origin of eukaryotic cells from prokaryotes -mitochondria and cloroplasts have their own DNA and Rna. -believed to have been engulfed by larger cells

how do salt water birds excrete salt from their bodies?

-excearete salt through eyes

desmosoners

-fibers in cells that allow to expand without breaking -recoils -gastro intestrinal cells

hypertonic

-higher solute concentration 1/99% - more solute than water -greater concentrations of solutes outside than inside a cell, so water outside the cell is lower -so water will flow out of the cell and shrivel

Lysosomes

-intracellular waste digestive enzymes -take care of waste

peroxisome

-involved in hydrogen peroxide synthesis and degredation

cholesterol

-levels in membrane regulate viscosity balance of fluids

hypotonic

-lower solute concentration 2/99% -more water than solute -if there are less solutes on the outside the cell, then the concentration of water is greater -when a cell is put in hypotonic solutions, water will move into the cell -di water

gap juntions

-making sure they are connected, but with gaps in between -cynapse- neuron--> muscle

cytoplasm

-material OUTSIDE the nucleus, site of metabolic activiy

endocytosis

-materials are being brought into the cell -this involves making a membrane structure

organelles

-membrane bound subunits of cells with specific functions

diffusion

-movement from an area of high concentration to one of low concentration. -solid block of sugar --> into cup of water --> randomly distributes itself in water --> untill reaching equilibrium

chromoplast

-non green pigments

polygrain

-not self, foreign -white cells will destroy

cell wall

-outside of the plasma membrane in some organisms (plants, fungi, bacteria) -composed of carbohydrates(chitin for fungi) or carbohydrate derivatives(peptolycogen bacteria)

turgor pressure

-pushes plasma membrane against cell wall of plant, bacteria and fungi cells. as well as protists that have cell walls -caused by the osmotic flow of water from an area of low solute concentration outside the cell into the vacule, where there is a higher solute concentration

active transport

-relies on the cell to provide the energy supply to more materials -atp there are three catagories

passive transport

-relies on the thermal energy of matter and concentration gradient; the cell does not do the work. -4 categories: diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, and bulk flow.

hemolysis

-rupture or destruction of red blood cells

chloroplast

-site of photosynthesis -chlorophyll pigments

cell sap

-solutions that fill the vacuoles of plant cells -contains sugars, amino acids and mineral salts

cytosol

-solutions with dissolved substances -glucose- CO2, O2

robert hooke

-solved the cork problem thus fiinding the cell with a microscope

aquapores

-specialzed terminals for water

Vacuole

-storage and space filling

potential energy

-stored for subsequent use to do work -exists whenever an object which has mass has a position within a force field -e.g. earths gravitational field -energy that COULD be doing work

cytoskeleton

-supportive and metabolic structure composed of microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments. -funtion as structureal and metabolic as far as chemical reactions go

what happens when cells are placed in distilled water?

-swell up and burst

light microscope

-takes pictures of large atoms. -nucleous, not electrons

Knowing the "relative" solute concentrations can ALSO give us

-the "relative" solvent (i.e., water in living systems) concentrations. -That explains why a hypotonic solution has MORE water per volume than a hypertonic solution.

tenacity

-the definition of a solution based on comparing 2 solutions with their solutes. -ONLY when comparing two or more solvents, never just one -and only if they are seperated by a membrane in the same container

osmotic pressure

-the minimal pressure that would be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a solution by osmosis -often used to express the concentration of a solution -water has reached equilibrium

solute

-the smaller portion of a solvent

you can only use tonicity terms when

-the solutions are in the same beaker, seperated by a membrane

animal cell ceonnections

-tight junction -gap junction -desmosones

what is critical to maintaining life in a dynamic environment

-transport across cell membranes

nano technology

-using molecules to store information

transmmision electron microscope

-very thin slices viewed through a viewing lens

wilting

-wilting- becomes limp through heat, loss of water or disease. -to droop

what would happen if you were in a swimming pool for eight hours?

-you will gain weight because you are hypertonic

what kind of microscopes are there

2 -light and electron

cytolysis

=hemolysis -the dissolution or disruption of cells, especially by an external agent

crenation

=plasymolysis -contraction of the cell after exposure to a hypertonic solution -due to loss of water means to shrivel

bulk flow

a mass movement of fluid affected by pressure and solutes

what happens when cells are placed in a conentrated salt solution

cell body shrinks and pulls away from cell wall

plasmodestamata

cell to cell connections in plants

what happens when cells are placed in a concentrated salt soultion

cells shrink and shrivel

what happens when plant cells are placed in water

cells stiffen, but generally maintain shape

cell connections

cells work together to form tissues

microtubules are found in

cilia and flagella- tubular dimers

what is energy?

energy can be categorized relative to it's passive or active state

difference between excretion and secretion

excretions=waste secretions= needed by the body

vacules

general storage and space

nucleolus

in nucleus, site for ribosome synthesis

gradient

less concentrated area and more concentrated area

exoytosis

materials are expelled from cell -still requires ATP

what are the three catagories of active transport

membrane pumps endocytosis exocytosis

filaments smallest to largest

microfilaments-smallest-actin intermediate filaments-middle microtubules-bigger-2 molecule monomer

phospholipids

most abundent component of the plasma membrane -most massive component is the lipid

cell transport

passive transport and active transport.

forms of endocytosis

phagocytosis pinocytosis

plant cell connections

plasmodestamata

selectivley periable also means

semi-permeable

why are cells so small?

small to maximize the ratio of surface area to volume for regulating the internal cell environment

water will always go towards

solutes. where ever there is more salts. -hypotonic soultions

leukoplast

stores starches