Bio

50) Arrange these components of the mammalian immune system as it first responds to a pathogen in the correct sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain. A) I → III → II → IV → V B) III → II → I → V → IV C) II → I → IV → III → V D) IV → II → III → I → V E) III → IV → II → I → V

III → IV → II → I → V

24) Bacterial infection in a previously uninfected house cat would most quickly activate its A) Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides. B) memory cells to produce antibodies. C) plasma cells to produce antigens. D) cytotoxic T cells. E) humoral immune responses.

Toll-like receptors that bind to lipopolysaccharides.

24) The interrelationships between the endocrine and the nervous systems are especially apparent in A) a neuron in the spinal cord. B) a steroid-producing cell in the adrenal cortex. C) a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus. D) a brain cell in the cerebral cortex. E) a cell in the pancreas that produces digestive enzymes.

a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus.

18) Among nonmammalian vertebrates, the cloaca is an anatomical structure that functions as A) a specialized sperm-transfer device produced only by males. B) a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems. C) a region bordered by the labia minora and clitoris in females. D) a source of nutrients for developing sperm in the testes. E) a gland that secretes mucus to lubricate the vaginal opening.

a shared pathway for the digestive, excretory, and reproductive systems.

5) Asexual reproduction results in greater reproductive success than does sexual reproduction when A) pathogens are rapidly diversifying. B) a species has accumulated numerous deleterious mutations. C) there is some potential for rapid overpopulation. D) a species is expanding into diverse geographic settings. E) a species is in stable and favorable environments.

a species is in stable and favorable environments.

25) In humans, the follicular cells that remain behind in the ovary following ovulation become A) the ovarian endometrium that is shed at the time of the menses. B) a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum. C) the thickened portion of the uterine wall. D) swept into the fallopian tube. E) the placenta, which secretes cervical mucus.

a steroid-hormone synthesizing structure called the corpus luteum.

11) Different body cells can respond differently to the same peptide hormones because A) different target cells have different sets of genes. B) each cell converts that hormone to a different metabolite. C) a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways. D) the circulatory system regulates responses to hormones by routing the hormones to specific targets. E) the hormone is chemically altered in different ways as it travels through the circulatory system.

a target cell's response is determined by the components of its signal transduction pathways.

2) In a positive-feedback system where hormone A alters the amount of protein X A) an increase in A always produces an increase in X. B) an increase in X always produces a decrease in A. C) a decrease in A always produces an increase in X. D) a decrease in X always causes a decrease in A. E) it is impossible to predict how A and X affect each other.

an increase in A always produces an increase in X.

42) An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when A) an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering. B) an increase in body temperature results from exercise. C) the rising sun causes an increase in body temperature in a stationary animal. D) an increase in body temperature results from fever. E) a decrease in body temperature results from shock.

an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering.

58) Abnormally reduced somatic growth (dwarfism) can be a consequence of decreased hormone secretion from the A) kidneys. B) pancreas. C) adrenal gland. D) posterior pituitary gland. E) anterior pituitary gland.

anterior pituitary gland.

26) The receptors on T cells and B cells bind to A) antibodies. B) antigens. C) natural killer cells. D) double-stranded RNA. E) immunoglobulins.

antigens.

1) All hormones A) are produced by endocrine glands. B) are lipid-soluble molecules. C) are carried to target cells in the blood. D) are protein molecules. E) elicit the same biological response from all of their target cells.

are carried to target cells in the blood.

32) A newborn who is accidentally given a drug that destroys the thymus would most likely A) lack class I MHC molecules on cell surfaces. B) lack humoral immunity. C) be unable to genetically rearrange antigen receptors. D) be unable to differentiate and mature T cells. E) have a reduced number of B cells and be unable to form antibodies.

be unable to differentiate and mature T cells.

18) Nitric oxide and epinephrine A) both function as neurotransmitters. B) both function as steroid hormones. C) are both involved in the "fight-or-flight" response. D) bind the same receptors. E) both cause a reduction in the blood levels of glucose.

both function as neurotransmitters.

59) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are A) used differently: SMR is measured during exercise, whereas BMR is measured at rest. B) used to compare metabolic rate between hibernating and nonhibernating states. C) both measured across a wide range of temperatures for a given species. D) both standard measurements of fat metabolism in mammals. E) both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.

7) Sexual reproduction A) allows animals to conserve resources and reproduce only during optimal conditions. B) can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment. C) yields more numerous offspring more rapidly than is possible with asexual reproduction. D) enables males and females to remain isolated from each other while rapidly colonizing habitats. E) guarantees that both parents will provide care for each offspring.

can produce diverse phenotypes that may enhance survival of a population in a changing environment.

4) Engulfing-phagocytic cells of innate immunity include all of the following except A) neutrophils. B) macrophages. C) dendritic cells. D) natural killer cells.

dendritic cells.

69) A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Jane's cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bob's needed transfusions, because A) even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match. B) a blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. C) for each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. D) Jane's class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. E) Bob's immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant.

even though Jane's blood type is a match to Bob's, her MHC proteins may not be a match.

31) Antigens are A) proteins found in the blood that cause foreign blood cells to clump. B) proteins embedded in B cell membranes. C) proteins that consist of two light and two heavy polypeptide chains. D) foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies. E) proteins released during an inflammatory response.

foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies.

25) The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the result of activity by the A) smooth muscles. B) adipose tissue. C) endocrine system. D) intercalated disks. E) glial cells.

glial cells.

44) Analysis of a blood sample from a fasting individual who had not eaten for 24 hours would be expected to reveal high levels of A) insulin. B) glucagon. C) secretin. D) gastrin. E) glucose.

glucagon.

47) A reproductive hormone that is secreted directly from a structure in the brain is A) testosterone. B) estradiol. C) progesterone. D) follicle-stimulating hormone. E) gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

gonadotropin-releasing hormone.

52) An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the A) green frog. B) penguin. C) bluefin tuna. D) house sparrow. E) gray wolf.

green frog.

51) A cell type that interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways is a A) plasma cell. B) cytotoxic T cell. C) natural killer cell. D) CD8 cell. E) helper T cell.

helper T cell.

6) Sexual reproduction patterns include the example of A) fragmentation. B) budding. C) hermaphroditism. D) parthenogenesis. E) fission.

hermaphroditism.

6) An inflammation-causing signal released by mast cells at the site of an infection is A) an interferon. B) lymphatic fluid. C) histamine. D) mucus. E) sodium ions.

histamine.

40) The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant and optimal internal environment is termed A) balanced equilibrium. B) physiological chance. C) homeostasis. D) static equilibrium. E) estivation.

homeostasis.

26) Portal blood vessels connect two capillary beds found in the A) hypothalamus and thalamus. B) anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary. C) hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. D) posterior pituitary and thyroid gland. E) anterior pituitary and adrenal gland.

hypothalamus and anterior pituitary.

54) The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the A) medulla oblongata. B) thyroid gland. C) hypothalamus. D) subcutaneous layer of the skin. E) liver.

hypothalamus.

28) The hypothalamus A) functions only as an endocrine target, by having lots of receptors on its cells. B) functions only in neuronal transmission. C) does not have any hormone receptors on its cells. D) secretes tropic hormones that act directly on the gonads. E) includes neurosecretory cells that terminate in the posterior pituitary.

includes neurosecretory cells that terminate in the posterior pituitary.

15) Inflammatory responses typically include A) clotting proteins migrating away from the site of infection. B) increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area. C) reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma. D) release of substances to decrease the blood supply to an inflamed area. E) inhibiting the release of white blood cells from bone marrow.

increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area.

8) Aspirin and ibuprofen both A) inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins. B) inhibit the release of nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator. C) activate the paracrine signaling pathways that form blood clots. D) stimulate the release of oxytocin. E) stimulate vasoconstriction in the kidneys.

inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins.

14) Animals with reproduction dependent on internal fertilization need not have A) any copulatory organs. B) a receptacle that receives sperm. C) behavioral interaction between males and females. D) internal development of embryos. E) haploid gametes.

internal development of embryos.

46) In a survivably cold environment, an ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than would an equally sized endotherm because the ectotherm A) maintains a higher basal metabolic rate. B) expends more energy per kg of body mass than does the endotherm. C) invests little energy in temperature regulation. D) metabolizes its stored energy more readily than can the endotherm. E) has greater insulation on its body surface.

invests little energy in temperature regulation.

50) Endothermy A) is a characteristic of most animals found in tropical zones. B) is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature. C) is a term equivalent to cold-blooded. D) is a characteristic of mammals but not of birds. E) is seen only in insects and in certain predatory fishes.

is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature.

1) Innate immunity A) is activated immediately upon infection. B) depends on a newly infected animal's previous exposure to the same pathogen. C) is based on recognition of antigens that are specific to different pathogens. D) is found only in vertebrate animals. E) utilizes highly specific antigen receptors on B cells.

is activated immediately upon infection.

28) Blood is best classified as connective tissue because A) its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix. B) it contains more than one type of cell. C) it is contained in vessels that "connect" different parts of an organism's body. D) its cells can move from place to place. E) it is found within all the organs of the body.

its cells are separated from each other by an extracellular matrix.

48) The primary function of the corpus luteum is to A) nourish and protect the egg cell. B) produce prolactin in the alveoli. C) maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred. D) stimulate the development of the mammary glands. E) support pregnancy in the second and third trimesters.

maintain progesterone and estrogen synthesis after ovulation has occurred.

17) For hormones that homeostatically regulate cellular functions, A) negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion. B) the circulating level of a hormone is held constant through a series of positive feedback loops. C) both lipid-soluble hormones and water-soluble hormones bind to intracellular protein receptors. D) endocrine organs release their contents into the bloodstream via specialized ducts. E) it is impossible to also have neural regulation of that system.

negative feedback typically regulates hormone secretion.

36) At the time of fertilization, the complete maturation of each oogonium has resulted in A) one secondary oocyte. B) two primary oocytes. C) four secondary oocytes. D) four primary oocytes. E) four zygotes.

one secondary oocyte.

43) This type of immunity is present only when a newborn infant is being fed by actively nursing on its mother and ends when nursing ends. A) innate immunity B) active immunity C) passive immunity D) cell-mediated immunity E) adaptive immunity

passive immunity

23) Adaptive immunity depends on A) traits common to groups of pathogens. B) pathogen-specific recognition. C) maternal provision of antibodies to offspring. D) plants being exposed to new pathogens. E) having exhausted all options for innate immunity responses.

pathogen-specific recognition.

9) For water fleas of the genus Daphnia, switching from a pattern of asexual reproduction to sexual reproduction coincides with A) environmental conditions becoming more favorable for offspring. B) greater abundance of food resources for offspring. C) periods of temperature or food stresses on adults. D) completion of puberty. E) exhaustion of an individual's supply of eggs.

periods of temperature or food stresses on adults.

19) Suppose that substance X is secreted by one cell, travels via interstitial fluid to a neighboring cell, and produces an effect on that cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except A) paracrine signal. B) neurotransmitter. C) prostaglandin. D) pheromone. E) growth factor.

pheromone.

19) External chemical signals that coordinate potential reproductive partners are called A) hormones. B) pheromones. C) paracrine signals. D) cytokines. E) gametes.

pheromones.

34) Endocrine structures derived from nervous tissue include the A) thymus and the thyroid. B) ovaries and the testes. C) liver and the pancreas. D) anterior pituitary gland and the adrenal cortex. E) posterior pituitary gland and the adrenal medulla.

posterior pituitary gland and the adrenal medulla.

37) The type of muscle tissue surrounding internal organs, other than the heart, is A) skeletal muscle. B) cardiac muscle. C) striated muscle. D) intercalated cells. E) smooth muscle.

smooth muscle.

35) All skeletal muscle fibers are both A) smooth and under involuntary control. B) smooth and operate independently of other skeletal muscle fibers. C) striated and under voluntary control. D) smooth and under voluntary control. E) striated and electrically coupled to neighboring fibers.

striated and under voluntary control.

39) Fight-or-flight reactions include activation of A) the parathyroid glands, leading to increased metabolic rate. B) the thyroid gland, leading to an increase in the blood calcium concentration. C) the anterior pituitary gland, leading to cessation of gonadal function. D) the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine. E) the pancreas, leading to a reduction in the blood sugar concentration.

the adrenal medulla, leading to increased secretion of epinephrine.

21) Coordinating body functions via chemical signals is accomplished by A) the respiratory system. B) the endocrine system. C) the immune and lymphatic systems. D) the integumentary system. E) the excretory system.

the endocrine system.

40) The primary difference between estrous and menstrual cycles is that A) the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body. B) behavioral changes during estrous cycles are much less apparent than those of menstrual cycles. C) season and climate have less pronounced effects on estrous cycles than they do on menstrual cycles. D) copulation normally occurs across the estrous cycle, whereas in menstrual cycles copulation only occurs during the period surrounding ovulation. E) most estrous cycles are of much longer duration compared to menstrual cycles.

the endometrium shed by the uterus during the estrous cycle is reabsorbed, whereas the shed endometrium of menstrual cycles is excreted from the body.

14) The cells and signaling molecules that initiate inflammatory responses are A) the phagocytes and the lysozymes. B) the phagocytes and the chemokines. C) the dendritic cells and the interferons. D) the mast cells and the histamines. E) the lymphocytes and the interferons.

the mast cells and the histamines.

42) Which of the following has both endocrine and exocrine activity? A) the pituitary gland B) parathyroid glands C) salivary glands D) the pancreas E) adrenal glands

the pancreas

30) Most types of communication between cells utilize A) the exchange of cytosol between the cells. B) a direct electrical connection between the cells. C) the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message. D) the exchange of DNA between the cells. E) the movement of the cells.

the release of chemical signals by the cell sending the message.

15) In close comparisons, external fertilization often yields more offspring than does internal fertilization. However, internal fertilization offers the advantage that A) it is the only way to ensure the survival of the species. B) it requires less time and energy to be devoted to reproduction. C) the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment. D) it permits the most rapid population increase. E) it requires expression of fewer genes and maximizes genetic stability.

the smaller number of offspring produced often receive a greater amount of parental investment.

69) Examine the figure above. Near a goose's abdomen, the countercurrent arrangement of the arterial and venous blood vessels causes A) the temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized. B) the venous blood to be as cold near the abdomen as it is near the feet. C) the blood in the feet to be as warm as the blood in the abdomen. D) the temperature at the abdomen to be less than the temperature at the feet. E) the loss of the maximum possible amount of heat to the environment.

the temperature difference between the contents of the two sets of vessels to be minimized.

35) Iodine is added to table salt to help prevent deficiencies of an essential mineral needed for the proper function of the A) parathyroid glands. B) adrenal glands. C) thyroid glands. D) the endocrine pancreas. E) the exocrine pancreas.

thyroid glands.

64) Hibernation and estivation during seasons of environmental stress are both examples of A) acclimatization. B) torpor. C) evaporative cooling. D) nonshivering thermogenesis. E) shivering thermogenesis.

torpor.

43) Positive feedback has occurred when A) an increase in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that stimulates the movement of sugar out of the blood. B) a decrease in blood sugar increases the secretion of a hormone that increases the conversion of glycogen to glucose. C) uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus. D) an increase in calcium concentration increases the secretion of a hormone that promotes the storage of calcium in bone. E) a decrease in blood calcium increases the amount of the hormone that causes the release of calcium from bone.

uterine contractions needed for the birthing process are expedited by the pressure of a moving baby in its mother's uterus.