Bio1009H Final

four summary points of genetic drift

1) genetic drift is significant in small populations 2) genetic drift can cause allele frequencies to change at random 3) genetic drift can lead to a loss of genetic variation 4) genetic drift can cause harmful alleles to become fixed

what must a satisfactory "origin of life theory" address?

1) initiation 2) monomer formation 3) self-assembly of macromolecules 4) protobionts 5) self-replicating molecules

what are the five conditions in order for hardy-weinberg to occur

1) no mutations 2) random mating 3) no natural selection 4) extremely large population size 5) no gene flow

what are the levels of ecology?

1) organismal 2) population 3) community 4) ecosystem 5) landscape 6) global

what are the three ways in which sympatric speciation can occur?

1) polyploidy 2) sexual selection 3) habitat differentiation

how long ago did the Big Bang happen?

13.7 bya

frequency of a heterozygous allele

2pq

how long ago was evidence of the first species found

3.5 bya

how long ago did the earth form

4.6 bya

how long ago did the supernova explosion happen

5 bya

viewed species as fixed and unchanging, placed them in a ladder of complexity, consistent with old testament

Aristotle

A paleontologist has recovered a bit of tissue from the 400-year-old preserved skin of an extinct dodo (a bird). To compare a specific region of the DNA from the sample with DNA from living birds, which of the following would be most useful for increasing the amount of dodo DNA available for testing? a. RFLP analysis b. Southern blotting c. polymerase chain reaction (PCR) d. gel electrophoresis

C. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

the sudden appearance in the fossil record of complex animals with mineralized skeletal remains

Cambrian explosion

era that began about 66 million years ago, known as the "Age of Mammals", recent life

Cenozoic era

theory of catastrophism (extinction occurs due to a catastrophic event), was a paleontologist

Cuvier

"ancient life", 543-245 mya the oldest era - immediately after Precambrian; organisms developed hard parts

Paleozoic era

An oligotrophic lake has which of the following characteristics? Select one: a. low amounts of decomposable organic matter in the bottom sediments of the lake b. nutrient-rich c. depleted of oxygen d. all of the above

a

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, "A" and "a", that are in equilibrium, the frequency of allele "a" is 0.1. What is the frequency of individuals with AA genotype? Select one: a. 0.81 b. 0.32 c. 0.20 d. 0.42

a

Sympatric speciation I. is common in animals but rare in plants. II. initially involves a physical geographic separation of individuals from a single population into two separate populations. III. can result in the formation of a new species within a few generations. Select one: a. III only b. II only c. II and III d. I only

a

Uniform spacing patterns in birds such as the albatross are often associated with _____. Select one: a. competitive interaction between individuals of the same population b. patterns of high humidity c. the concentration of nutrients within the population's range d. the random distribution of seeds

a

Which of the following is NOT a biotic component of a burrow community? Select one: a. the air quality of the burrow b. the different species living in the burrow c. the population of each species in the burrow d. the food sources in the burrow

a

nonliving factors (temperature, water, sunlight, wind, rock and soil, climate)

abiotic

deepest, very cold region of the open ocean

abyssal zone

the part of the ocean 2000-6000 meters below the surface

abyssal zone

common ancestor spreads to several new environments and gives rise to new species

adaptive radiation

gene flow is interrupted when a population is divided geographically into subpopulations

allopatric speciation

hybrid that is fertile with more than two sets of chromosomes

allopolyploid

one is harmed and the other is not affected (0/-)

ammensalism

species formation without branching of the evolutionary line of descent

anagenesis

region in aquatic biomes where little light penetrates

aphotic zone

warning coloration

aposematic

what are the limitations to the biological species concept?

asexually reproducing organisms and fossils

an individual that has more than two sets of chromosomes that are all derived from a single species

autopolyploid

Among known plant species, which of these have been the two most commonly occurring phenomena that have led to the origin of new species? 1: allopatric speciation 2: sympatric speciation 3: sexual selection 4: polyploidy Select one: a. 2 and 3 b. 2 and 4 c. 1 and 4 d. 1 and 3

b

Besides sunlight, which are the next most important climatic factors influencing the distributions of terrestrial biomes? Select one: a. moisture and wind b. temperature and moisture c. wind and fire d. temperature and wind

b

If you were to climb a mountain, you could observe changes in the biological communities that are similar to the changes you might observe Select one: a. at different depths in the ocean. b. in biomes at different latitudes. c. in an ecosystem as it evolves over time. d. in a community through different seasons.

b

Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar way to perform about the same function. Which of the following would suggest that the relationship more likely represents homology instead of convergent evolution? Select one: a. Both species are well adapted to their particular environments. b. The two species share many proteins in common, and the nucleotide sequences that code for these proteins are almost identical. c. The two species also live in similar habitats. d. The structures in adult members of both species are similar in size.

b

The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for these data? Select one: a. Genes mutate faster in whales than in humans or bats. b. Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in substantial changes in whale forelimb anatomy. c. Whale forelimbs probably evolved from some other structure, different from those that gave rise to human or bat forelimbs. d. Forelimb evolution was adaptive in humans and bats, but not in whales.

b

What does the biological species concept use as the primary criterion for determining species boundaries? Select one: a. morphological similarity b. gene flow c. niche differences d. geographic isolation

b

Which of the following is most likely to produce an African butterfly species in the wild whose members have one of two strikingly different color patterns? Select one: a. directional selection b. disruptive selection c. sexual selection d. artificial selection e. stabilizing selection

b

Which of the following best describes the complete sequence of steps occurring during every cycle of PCR? 1: The primers hybridize to the target DNA. 2: The mixture is heated to a high temperature to denature the double-stranded target DNA. 3: Ligase unwinds the DNA. 4: DNA polymerase extends the primers to make a copy of the target DNA. Select one: a. 3, 2, 1, 4 b. 2, 1, 4 c. 2, 1, 3, 4 d. 3, 4, 2

b. 2,1,4

In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, "A" and "a", that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele "a" is 0.3. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele? Select one: a. 0.09 b. 9.0 c. 0.49 d. 0.9

b. 9.0

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy? a. a hockey puck hitting the boards b. a food molecule c. water flowing in a river d. an increase in air temperature as a meteor passes through the atmosphere

b. a food molecule

Dog breeders maintain the purity of breeds by keeping dogs of different breeds apart when they are fertile. This kind of isolation is most similar to which of the following reproductive isolating mechanisms? Select one: a. hybrid breakdown b. habitat isolation c. gametic isolation d. reduced hybrid fertility

b. habitat isolation

Why might a laboratory be using dideoxy nucleotides? Select one: a. to produce cDNA from mRNA b. to sequence a DNA fragment c. to clone the breakpoints of cut DNA d. to separate DNA fragments

b. to sequence a DNA fragment

harmless species mimic a toxic species

batesian mimicry

courtship rituals to attract mates vary by species preventing mating

behavioral isolation

the bottom zone, deep or shallow

benthic zone

a group of populations whose members have the potential to interbreed in nature and produce viable, fertile offspring but do not produce viable, fertile offspring with other groups

biological species concept

living factors

biotic

size of the population is reduced due to a natural disaster

bottleneck effect

Although each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence? Select one: a. mutation b. gene flow c. genetic drift d. natural selection

c

DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that Select one: a. convergent evolution led to the DNA similarities. b. chimpanzees evolved from humans. c. humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor. d. humans evolved from chimpanzees.

c

During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The elephant stretched its nose while searching for hard-to-reach food; its offspring inherited longer noses, which eventually became trunks." Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception? Select one: a. Spontaneous mutations can result in the appearance of new traits. b. Disuse of an organ may lead to its eventual disappearance. c. Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes. d. Only favorable adaptations have survival value.

c

Which gas was least abundant in Earth's early atmosphere? Select one: a. H2O b. CH4 c. O2 d. NH3

c

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the first genetic material? Select one: a. One reason RNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it is single-stranded and can assume a variety of specific three-dimensional shapes. b. One reason DNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it can function as an enzyme-like catalyst. c. One reason DNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it is single-stranded and can assume a variety of specific three-dimensional shapes. d. One reason RNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it is double-stranded and takes the form of a uniform helix.

c

Which of the following statements about species, as defined by the biological species concept, is (are) correct? I. Biological species are defined by reproductive isolation. II. Biological species are the model used for grouping extinct forms of life. III. The biological species is the largest unit of population in which successful interbreeding is possible. Select one: a. I and II b. I, II, and III c. I and III d. II and III

c

Which of the following statements describes a phenomenon that would be studied by a researcher interested in community ecology? Select one: a. Decomposing salmon release nutrients that are used by other organisms in the stream. I b. Only a few salmon offspring will return to the stream of their birth to breed. c. Sea lions and humans hunt salmon in streams. d. Male salmon fight over females during the breeding season.

c

Within six months of effectively using methicillin to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections in a community, all new S. aureus infections were caused by MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). How can this best be explained? Select one: a. Novel methicillin resistance mutations arose in the S. aureus population in response to the presence of the antibiotic. b. A patient must have become infected with MRSA from another community. c. Some drug-resistant bacteria were present at the start of treatment, and natural selection increased their frequency. d. In response to the drug, S. aureus began making drug-resistant versions of the protein targeted by the drug.

c

Two species of frogs belonging to the same genus occasionally mate, but the offspring fail to develop and hatch. What is the mechanism for keeping the two frog species separate? Select one: a. gametic isolation b. the prezygotic barrier called hybrid sterility c. the postzygotic barrier called hybrid inviability d. the postzygotic barrier called hybrid breakdown

c.

Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? a. DNA polymerase - polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA b. electrophoresis - separation of DNA fragments c. DNA ligase - cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragments d. restriction enzyme - analysis of RFLPs

c. DNA ligase- cutting DNA, creating stick ends of restriction fragments

Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Starlings producing fewer, or more, than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this situation? Select one: a. disruptive selection b. directional selection c. stabilizing selection d. sexual selection

c. stabilizing selection

developed a two part naming system (binomial nomenclature), taxonomy & classification

carolus linnaeus

plant and animal diversity is high, plants highly adapted to fire

chaparral

species diverge morphologically

character displacement

evolution through the branching of a species or a lineage

cladogenesis

the most common pattern of dispersion, individuals are aggregated in patches

clumped

one benefits without affecting the other (+/0)

commensalism

the study of interactions between species

community ecology

the way in which organisms interact with other living things within a community

community interactions

two species that need the same limiting resource cannot coexist if niches are identical

competitive exclusion

the independant evolution of similar features in different lineages (sugar glider vs flying squirrel

convergent evolution

formed largely by calcium carbonate skeletons of coral animals

coral reefs

camouflage

crypsis

only prokaryotes to generate oxygen

cyanobacteria

A new fossil-bearing deposit, containing many species with shells but no soft-bodied species is found. What is the most logical explanation for this find? Select one: a. There was a mass extinction event among hard-bodied but not soft-bodied species at this location. b. Soft-bodied organisms are too small to fossilize. c. There were no soft-bodied organisms at this time and location. d. Conditions were not right to fossilize soft-bodied organisms.

d

If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that Select one: a. they live in very different habitats. b. their chromosomes should be very similar. c. they shared a common ancestor relatively recently. d. they should share fewer homologous structures than two more closely related organisms.

d

It is believed that the Universe was created through the force of the "Big Bang" approximately 14 billion years ago, and the planet Earth was formed about 4.6 billion years ago. What phenomenon do scientists believe lead to the formation of the Earth? Select one: a. Cosmic drift b. Planetoidation c. Mass expansion d. Supernova

d

The fossil record is biased in favor of species that Select one: a. died in a sandy area, near or within a river bed, and were buried quickly. b. existed on Earth for a long time. c. had hard shells or skeletons. d. all of the above.

d

What is the evidence that protobionts may have formed spontaneously? Select one: a. The discovery of ribozymes, showing that prebiotic RNA molecules may have been autocatalytic. b. The fossil record found in the stromatolites. c. The production of organic compounds within a laboratory apparatus simulating conditions on early Earth. d. The ability to synthesize liposomes in the laboratory.

d

Which of the following is NOT a reason why population growth declines as population size approaches the carrying capacity? Select one: a. Disease rates increase. b. Competition for resources increases. c. Predation rates increase. d. Climate becomes unfavorable.

d

Which of the following is a TRUE statement regarding the first genetic material? Select one: a. One reason DNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it is single-stranded and can assume a variety of specific three-dimensional shapes. b. One reason DNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it can function as an enzyme-like catalyst. c. One reason RNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it is double-stranded and takes the form of a uniform helix. d. One reason RNA is believed to be the first genetic material is because it is single-stranded and can assume a variety of specific three-dimensional shapes

d

Which of the following is one of the technical reasons why gene therapy is problematic? Select one: a. Cells with transferred genes are unlikely to replicate. b. Most cells with engineered genes overwhelm other cells in a tissue. c. mRNA from transferred genes cannot be translated. d. Transferred genes may not have appropriately controlled activity.

d

Which of the following tools of recombinant DNA technology is incorrectly paired with its use? Select one: a. electrophoresis - separation of DNA fragments b. DNA polymerase - polymerase chain reaction to amplify sections of DNA c. restriction enzyme - analysis of RFLPs d. DNA ligase - cutting DNA, creating sticky ends of restriction fragment

d

Which pair of terms most accurately describes life history traits for a stable population of wolves? Select one: a. semelparous; K-selected b. iteroparous; r-selected c. semelparous; r-selected d. iteroparous; K-selected

d

Which zone is NOT found in marine environments? Select one: a. Aphotic zone b. Neritic zone c. Benthic zone d. Littoral zone

d

The mathematical expression for the change in the free energy of a system is ∆G = ∆H - T∆S. Which of the following is (are) TRUE? Select one: a. ∆G is the change in enthalpy. b. T is the temperature in degrees Celsius. c. ∆H is the change in free energy. d. ∆S is the change in entropy.

d. S is the change in entropy

The Theory of Evolution can explain Select one: a. the unity of life. b. the diversity of life. c. the complex nature of life. d. both "a" and "b".

d. both a and b

The role of restriction enzymes in DNA technology is to Select one: a. reseal sticky ends after base paring of complementary nucleotides. b. produce cDNA from mRNA. c. denature DNA into single strands that can hybridize with complementary sequences. d. produce a cut at a specific sequence on DNA.

d. produce a cut at a specific sequence on DNA

If you explore a biological concept by breaking down the complex system to its simpler components, you are using an approach called a. emergent properties. b. morphologism. c. simplificationism. d. reductionism.

d. reductionism

proposed the first plausible theory of evolution: 1. concept of use & disuse 2. inheritance of acquired characteristics

de lamarck

the study of vital statistics (death, birth, and immigration rates) of a population and how they change over time

demography

# of individuals per unit area or volume

density

a death rate that increases with population density or a birth rate that falls with rising density (competition for resources, disease, predation, territoriality, intristic factors, toxic wastes)

density dependent

birth or death rate that does not change with population or density (temperature/rainfall)

density independant

occur in a band near 30 degrees north and south latitudes and in the interior of continents

deserts

occurs when conditions favor individuals exhibiting one phenotypic range, thereby shifting a populations frequency curve for the phenotypic character in one direction (ex. mice living in darker rocks)

directional selection

the movement of individuals or gametes away from their area of origin or areas of high population density

dispersal

pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of a population

dispersion

conditions favor individuals at both extremes of a phenotypic range over individuals with intermediate phenotypes (ex. mice living in dark and light rocks)

disruptive selection

species within a community that have the greatest biomass or highest abundance (by number).

dominant species

wide, meandering, increased nutrients, oxygen variant

downstream

ecological role of an organism in its community, sum total of organisms use of biotic and abiotic factors, the way in which it makes a living

ecological niche

defines a species by the set of resources it uses and its role in the biological community (ecological niche)

ecological species concept

emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling between organisms and the environment

ecosystem ecology

a prokaryotic cell engulfed a small cell that eventually evolved into organelles, eventually leading to eukaryotes

endosymbiosis

area of transition between river and sea

estuaries

lakes that are shallow, nutrient rich and oxygen poor

eutrophic lakes

natural selection + random variation (mutation, gene flow, genetic drift) =

evolution

dN/dt= rN, where r= per capita change in population size that occurs at each instant in time, N is population size, and t is time

exponential growth equation

when a few individuals become isolated from a large population, this small group may establish a new population whose gene pool differs from the source population (a storm moves some sea animals to a new part of the ocean)

founder effect

the entire niche that a species is theoretically capable of occupying in the absence of competition from other species

fundamental niche

weakening of reproductive barriers, the two species fuse

fusion

the sperm is unable to fertilize the egg

gametic isolation

transfer of alleles into or out of a population due to the movement of fertile individuals or their gametes

gene flow

chance events that cause allele frequencies to fluctuate unpredictably from one generation to the next (especially in small populations)

genetic drift (founder & bottleneck effect)

Differences among individuals in the composition of their genes or other DNA segments

genetic variation

a standard time scale that divides earths history into four eons and further subdivisions

geologic record

two species occupy different habitats and cannot mate

habitat isolation

a population that is not evolving is said to be in

hardy-weinberg equilibrium

narrow, clear, cold and swift, few nutrients, oxygen rich

headwaters

herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga (+/-)

herbivory

theory of gradualism (profound geological changes took place through the cumulative effect of slow but continuous processes)

hutton

offspring that result from an interspecific mating

hybrid

Hybrid is fertile, but when they breed the next generation is sterile.

hybrid breakdown

a region in which members of a different species meet and mate, producing a least some offspring of mixed ancestry

hybrid zone

Portion of the shoreline that lies between the high and low tide lines

intertidal zone

a marine biome that is periodically submerged and exposed by tides, oxygen and nutrient levels are generally high

intertidal zones

fewer offspring considering significant parental development

k-selected species

predator or prey that has a pronounced impact on the community structure

keystone species

gene responsible for making enzymes that break down lactose gene

lac-z gene

photic zone, aphotic zone, pelagic zone, littoral zone, limnetic zone, benthic zone

lake zonation

area in a freshwater habitat away from the shore but still close to the surface

limnetic zone

the shallow zone of soil and water in lakes and ponds where most algae and emergent plants grow

littoral zone

dN/dt= rN (K-N)/K

logistic growth equation

theory of uniformitarianism (determined that earth is old & persistent; processes can cause great change)

lyell

human suffering is due to the populations tendency to grow faster than food supply; all species can produce more offspring than their environment can support

malthus

giant tube worms, receives no sunlight, very cold, high pressure

marine benthic zone

photic zone, aphotic zone, pelagic zone, intertidal zone, neritic zone, oceanic zone, abyssal zone, benthic zone

marine zonation

from 230 million to 63 million years ago, age of reptiles, age of dinosaurs, "middle life"

mesozoic era

a group of populations that are separated by space but consist of the same species

metapopulations

species attempt mating but morphological or anatomical difference prevent it

morphological isolation

distinguishes a species by body shape and other features

morphological species concept

two or more toxic species resemble each other

mullerian mimicry

both benefit (+/+)

mutualism

The region of shallow ocean water over the continental shelf.

neritic zone

is the outcome of natural selection random?

no

forest is dominated by cone-bearing trees, some trees depend on fire to regenerate

northern coniferous forest

what are the conditions early earth that made origin of life possible

o Reducing atmosphere (no oxygen) o Monomer formation: Abiotic synthesis of small organic compounds o Self-assembly of macromolecules (polymers) o Protobionts/Protocells: early cells o Self-replicating molecules

open water, high oxygen levels, low nutrient levels

oceanic pelagic zone

vast open ocean from the edge of the continental shelf outward

oceanic zone

lakes that are nutrient poor and oxygen rich

oligotrophic lakes

semelparous

one chance to reproduce in a large quantity

studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges

organismal ecology

frequency of homozygotes

p^2/q^2

predator or parasite harms the host (+/-)

parasitism/predation

the zone made up of photic and aphotic zones

pelagic zone

does selection act more on genotypes or phenotypes?

phenotypes

the region in aquatic biomes where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis

photic zone

Oxygen did not become prevalent in the atmosphere until the majority of iron oxide, dissolved in aquatic environments, precipitated out, and surplus oxygen could escape to the atmosphere

photosynthesis and oxygen revolution

defines a species as a set of organisms with a unique genetic history

phylogenic species concept

a organism with an extra set of chromosomes

polyploidy

one population depends on another population, the population size fluctuates

population cycling

the study of populations in relation to their environments

population ecology

4.6 billion years ago-543 mya, no life except algae; 88% of life history

pre-cambrian era

species that reproduce quickly and offer little or no care for offspring

r-selected species

position of each individual is independent of other individuals

random

the portion of the fundamental niche to which a species is restricted as a result of competition with other species

realized niche

hybrids between the two species are sterile or are sexually unattractive to members of other species (according to Cheryl first generation of offspring are sterile [cannot reproduce])

reduced hybrid fertility

hybrids have detrimental physical characteristics that make them more susceptible to predators, parasites, or diseases and/or make them less capable of finding shelter; (according to Cheryl zygote fails to develop)

reduced hybrid viability

hybrids gradually cease to be formed, the formation of unfit hybrids is reduced

reinforcement of reproductive barriers

the contribution an individual makes to the gene pool of the next generation relative to the contribution of the other individuals

relative fitness

iteroparous

repeated reproduction

the existence of biological factors that impede members of two species from interbreeding and producing fertile, viable offspring

reproductive isolation

species use slightly different resources to coexist in a community

resource partitoning

rainfall is seasonal with a dry season of eight or nine months

savanna

continued formation of hybrid individuals

stability

acts against extreme phenotypes and favors intermediate variants (ex. mice living in intermediate colored rocks)

stabilizing selection

species that live in the same geographic area but speciation still occurs

sympatric speciation

heavily settled on all continents, heavily logged around the world, vertically layered

temperate broadleaf forest

deep fertile soils, ideal for agriculture

temperate grassland

species breed at different times of the day, season, or year

temporal isolation

defense of a bounded physical space against encroachment by other individuals

territoriality

example of breakdown of reproductive barriers

the rainbow fish example, in murky waters, females cannot tell difference between fish, so they mate

obey physical laws of thermodynamics

trophic efficiency

vertically layered, large amount of plant and animal diversity

tropical forest

permanent layer of permafrost prevents water infiltration and root growth

tundra

oxygenated water from a lakes surface is sent to the bottom and brings nutrient-rich water from the bottom to the surface in both SPRING and AUTUMN

turnover

evenly spaced dispersion

uniform

remnants of features that served important functions in the organism's ancestors

vestigial structures

supports plants adapted to water saturated soil, swamps and marshes

wetlands

how long ago did colonization of plants, animals, and fungi occur

~500 mya