BIO109 Unit 3

1. right 2. left 3. pulmonary artery 4. pulmonary vein 5. aorta Oxygenated blood from the lungs returns to the ...(A).... atrium of the heart in the ...(B)..... From there it enters the ...(C).... ventricle and leaves the heart in the ...(D).... to go to the body. From the body, blood returns to the ...(E)....atrium, and then leaves the heart in the ...(F).....to go to the lungs.

2, 4, 2, 5, 1, 3

Pancreatic secretions contain a. hormones b. enzymes c. bicarbonate d. A, B, and C e. A and C

A, B, and C

Fat absorption differs from other foods because its breakdown products are: a. Formed in the large intestine b. Absorbed directly into the blood c. Absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system d. Absorbed only when glucose is not present e. Converted into bile by the liver

Absorbed into the lacteals before entering into the lymphatic system

All of the following are part of our antigen specific defense mechanism (adaptive immune response) except

Acute inflammation

Which of the following are autoimmune diseases? a. Multiple sclerosis b. Insulin-dependent diabetes c. Rheumatoid arthritis d. Systemic lupus erythematosus e. All of the above

All of the above

Which of the following kills invading microbes? a. Lysozymes b. Stomach acid c. Intestinal enzymes d. All of the above

All of the above

Compare an animal with a gastrovascular cavity to an animal with a tube-type digestive system. What is/are the major advantage(s) of having a tube? a. It allows the animal to consume a second meal while the first is being digested. b. It permits development of specialized enzymes and concentration of digestive juices in different regions. c. It permits more time for enzymatic action. d. Additional physical cutting and grinding of the food bolus is made possible. e. All of the above choices are advantages.

All of the above choices are advantages.

Which of the following is not involved in the humoral immune response?

Antimicrobial peptides

These blood vessels have thick muscular walls

Arteries

The term ______ disease refers to any disease where the immune system attacks particular molecules of the individual's own body

Autoimmune

The minimum metabolic rate of an endotherm that is at rest, has an empty stomach and is not experiencing stress.

BMR

Of the connective tissues, which one consists of cells in a fluid matrix?

Blood

During inhalation, the a. Both the diaphragm and rib muscles relax b. Both the diaphragm and rib muscles contract c. Diaphragm contracts and the rib muscles relax d. Diaphragm relaxes and the rib muscles contract

Both the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

These blood vessels have walls one cell thick

Capillaries

In their natural environment, a marine fish would have ____ urine

Concentrated

In their natural environment, a terrestrial mammal would have ____ urine

Concentrated

What is the transfer of thermal energy between an object and an external fluid that is moving?

Convection

The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except: a. Active transport of salt from the upper region of the ascending limb b. The spatial arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons c. Diffusion of urea from the collecting duct d. Diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle e. All of the above help maintain a high osmolarity of the adrenal medulla

Diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle

In their natural environment, a freshwater fish would have ____ urine

Dilute

Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with: a. Connective tissue b. Smooth muscle tissue c. Neural tissue d. Epithelial tissue e. Stratified muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Which of the following statements concerning type II diabetes is TRUE? a. This form of diabetes usually appears during childhood. b. This form of diabetes results from the destruction of pancreatic beta cells by the immune system. c. Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease. d. Fewer than 10% of people with diabetes have type II e. All of the above are true statements.

Excess body weight and lack of exercise increase the risk of developing the disease.

If blood glucose levels were to fall below 90mg/100mg you would expect levels of the hormone ______ to increase and that of ______ to fall

Glucagon would increase and insulin would fall

Homeostatic mechanisms: a. Produce most disease conditions b. Keep variables exactly at the set point c. Act to keep values out of the normal range d. Help to keep a relatively constant internal body environment e. Usually operate via positive feedback

Help to keep a relatively constant internal body environment

Ammonia: a. Is soluble in water b. Has low toxicity relative to urea c. Is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by insects d. Is metabolically more expensive to synthesize than urea e. Is the major nitrogenous waste excreted by humans and birds

Is soluble in water

The body fluids of an osmoconformer would be ______ with its ______ environment.

Isotonic; saltwater

Which of the following observation and conclusion is true? a. It was not a mammal: the animal is an ectotherm b. Its body temperature was 37C: the animal is an ectotherm c. Its temperature remained stable when the temperature of the cage decreased: the animal is an endotherm d. Its temperature and metabolism increased when the cage temperature increased: the animal is an endotherm

Its temperature remained stable when the temperature of the cage decreased: the animal is an endotherm

The most concentrated urine is excreted by:

Kangaroo rats

The primary responsibility of this segment of the alimentary canal is the recovery of water that has entered the canal as the solvent of digestive juices.

Large intestine

The more concentrated the urine a mammal can produce, the longer are its a. Proximal convoluted tubules b. Bowman's capsules c. Malpighian tubules d. Loops of Henle e. Glomeruli

Loops of Henle

The necropsy of a freshwater fish that died after being placed in saltwater would most likely show: a. Loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in organ failure and death b. High amounts of salt had diffused into the fish's cells causing them to lyse c. The kidneys were not able to keep up with the water removal necessary in this hyper-osmotic environment, creating an irrevocable loss of homeostasis d. The gills became encrusted with salt, resulting in inadequate gas exchange and a resulting asphyxiation

Loss of water by osmosis from cells in vital organs resulted in organ failure and death

A countercurrent flow system between substance A and substance B a. Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction b. Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the opposite direction c. Minimizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the same direction d. Minimizes the exchange by having A and B flowing the opposite direction

Maximizes the exchange by having A and B flow in the opposite direction

B cells and T cells that do not immediately attack pathogens, but instead remain inactive until a future encounter with the pathogen, are referred to as

Memory B and T cells

Which of the following most accurately describes selective permeability? a. Molecules diffuse against their concentration gradient b. Lipid soluble molecules pass through a membrane c. Only certain molecules can cross a membrane d. An input of energy is required for transport e. There must be a concentration gradient for molecules to pass through a membrane

Only certain molecules can cross a membrane

Positive feedback differs from negative feedback in that: a. Positive feedback benefits the organism where as negative feedback is detrimental b. Positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than the opposite of it c. The effector's response increases some parameter whereas it can only decrease in negative feedback d. Positive feedback systems have only effectors whereas negative feedback systems only have receptors e. Positive feedback loops are more frequently encountered in the control of homeostasis

Positive feedback's effector responses are in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than the opposite of it

Which of the following is a true statement: a. Protein digestion begins in the small intestine with the activation of trypsinogen to trypsin b. Proteins consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion c. The stomach has a high pH value which allows for the activation of digestion enzymes d. Mechanical digestion of proteins is more important than chemical digestion

Proteins consumed in the diet are absorbed as individual amino acids following digestion

Memory cells: a. Produce allergens b. Prevent animals from encountering certain antigens c. Are responsible for passive immunity d. Provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen e. All of the above

Provide an accelerated immune response upon second exposure to a particular antigen

If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except the: a. Right atrium b. Pulmonary vein c. Pulmonary artery d. Right ventricle e. It travels through all of these

Pulmonary vein

Yearly vaccinations of humans for influenza viruses are necessary because: a. Of an increase in immunodeficiency disease b. The flu can generate anaphylactic shock c. Rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells d. Surviving the flu one year exhausts the immune system to non-responsiveness the second year e. Memory cells are not formed upon exposure to the flu virus

Rapid mutation in flu viruses alters the surface proteins in infected host cells

Which of the following is not a property of the adaptive immune system? a. Lack of reactivity against host cells b. Receptor diversity c. Immunological memory d. Rapid rate of response e. Very specific response to pathogens

Rapid rate of response

These autorhythmic cells located in the wall of the right atrium control the rate and timing at which all cardiac muscle cells contract.

SA node

The metabolic rate of a fasting non-stressed ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature is called

SMR

Marine birds eliminate excess salts through their a. Kidneys b. General body surface (skin) c. Salt glands in their heads d. All of the above e. None of the above

Salt glands in their heads

Of the following choices, the epithelium with the shortest diffusion distance is: a. Simple columnar epithelium b. Stratified squamous epithelium c. Simple cuboidal d. Simple squamous epithelium e. Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium

Simple squamous epithelium

Which of the following animals of correctly paired with its feeding mechanism? a. Baleen whale: fluid feeder b. Aphid: suspension feeder c. Clam: substrate feeder d. Snake: bulk feeder

Snake: bulk feeder

What animal exclusively relied on intracellular digestion?

Sponge

Which of the following statements concerning an open circulatory system is true? a. A heart is not required to pump the circulatory fluid through the circulatory vessels b. It has a higher hydrostatic pressure and is less energy efficient than a closed system c. The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid d. The circulatory fluid does not require respiratory pigments for O2 transport e. The lower pressures provide more effective delivery of O2 than is possible with a closed system

The circulatory fluid is also the interstitial fluid

Fluid is forced out of systemic capillaries at the arteriolar end because: a. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the blood b. The osmotic pressure of the interstitial fluid is greater than that of the blood c. The osmotic pressure of the blood is greater than the hydrostatic pressure of the interstitial fluid c. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is less than that of the interstitial fluid d. The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood

The hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood

Which of the following choices below determines the direction of respiratory gas movement? a. Solubility in water b. The partial pressure gradient c. The temperature d. Molecular weight and size of the gas molecules e. All of the above

The partial pressure gradient

Circulatory systems compensate for: a. Temperature differences between lungs and active tissue b. The problem of communication systems involving only the nervous system c. The slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances d. The need to cushion animals from trauma e. All of the above

The slow rate at which diffusion occurs over large distances

Some nutrients are considered "essential" in the diets of certain animals because: a. Only those animals use the nutrients b. They are necessary coenzymes c. They cannot be synthesized by the organism d. They are subunits of important polymers e. Only some foods contain them

They cannot be synthesized by the organism

Why are measles vaccinations effective? a. They cause the inflammation response resulting in the production of antibodies that engulf the measles virus if it enters the body b. They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is later infected by the measles virus c. They cause an immune response resulting in the production of cytotoxic (killer) T cells that remain in the blood attacking all viruses that enter the body d. They cause an inflammation response resulting in the production of memory T cells that provide a limited response if infected by the measles virus

They cause an immune response resulting in the production of memory B cells that provide a rapid response if the individual is later infected by the measles virus

These blood vessels have thin walls with valves

Veins

Allergies are the result of an exaggerated immune response. What triggers this response?

allergens

All gases exchanged between air and blood in mammals occurs across the walls of the:

alveoli

Your body has millions of different antibodies for detecting millions of different antigens because a. you have millions of different antibody genes b. antibody genes undergo rearrangement c. antibody genes undergo antigen shifting d. all of the above e. none of the above

antibody genes undergo rearrangement

If the atrioventricular node (AV node) were surgically removed from the heart without disrupting signal transmission to the Purkinje fibers, a. no apparent effect on heart activity would be observed b. only the venticles would contract c. the heart rate would decrease d. only the atria would contract e. atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time

atria and ventricles would contract at about the same time

Which of the following would prevent allergic attacks? a. blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells b. blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies c. reducing the number of helper T cells in the body d. reducing the number of cytotoxic cells e. increasing the initial exposure to the antigen

blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells

A renal physiologist wants to determine the rate of filtration in the glomeruli of the kidneys. The best experimental design would be to inject a substance into the blood which a. cannot pass through the glomerular capillaries b. can pass through the glomerular capillaries, but is totally reabsorbed in the renal tubules c. can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is partially reabsorbed in the renal tubules d. can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules e. none of the above

can pass through the glomerular capillaries and is not reabsorbed in the renal tubules

Most types of communication between cells utilize _____. a. the exchange of cytosol between the cells b. the movement of the cells c. chemical or electrical signals d. the exchange of DNA between the cells e. shortening of muscle cells

chemical or electrical signals

When a B cell or T cell encounters an antigen for which it has an antigen receptor, the B cell or T cell will divide repeatedly to make copies of itself. This process is called

clonal selection

Which of the following would not be considered a thermoregulatory adaptation in mammals or birds? a. countercurrent heat exchange b. vasodilation of peripheral blood vessels c. endothermy d. increased heat production (thermogenesis) e. insulation

endothermy

A human who has no access to fresh water but is forced to drink seawater instead will _____. a. thrive under such conditions, as long as he has lived at the ocean most of his life b. excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion c. develop structural changes in the kidneys to accommodate the salt overload d. risk becoming over hydrated within twelve hours e. none of the above

excrete more water molecules than taken in, because of the high load of ion ingestion

An evolutionary adaptation that enables animals with more complex body designs to ensure sufficient exchange with their environment a. reduced plasma membrane surface area b. insulation c. highly folded internal surfaces d. increased body size e. increased cell volume

highly folded internal surfaces

The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed ____

homeostasis

The term _______ disease refers to any disorder in which an immune system response to antigens is defective or absent.

immunodeficiency

One of the waste products that accumulates during cellular functions is carbon dioxide. It is removed via the respiratory system. What other waste product(s) may accumulate during normal physiological functioning in a vertebrate? I) ammonia II) uric acid III) urea

l, ll and lll

The source of trypsinogen and chymotrypsinogen is the ____

pancreas

When a B cell encounters an antigen to which it is targeted, it divides rapidly and produces

plasma cells

Birds secrete uric acid as their nitrogenous waste because uric acid _____. a. is readily soluble in water b. is metabolically less expensive to synthesize than other excretory products c. requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass d. can be reused by birds as a protein source e. contains fewer nitrogen atoms than ammonia or urea

requires little water for nitrogenous waste disposal, thus reducing body mass

Most enzymatic hydrolysis of the macromolecules of food occurs in the:

small intestine

Vitamins are classified based on a. whether they affect carbohydrates or proteins b. how much they are required c. the amount of energy they contain d. whether they are water or fat soluble e. none of the choices are correct

whether they are water or fat soluble