BIO222 Chapter 26 & 27 Mastery
In severe dehydration or blood loss, what would be the levels of ADH and what would be the urine flow rate?
ADH - high; low urine flow rate (0.25 ml/min)
In overhydration, what would be the levels of ADH (high, normal, or low) and what would be the osmolarity of the urine?
ADH - low; 100 mOsm (urine)
Which of the following statements about ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is correct?: -ADH inserts water channels into the luminal membrane of the proximal tubules. -ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland. -ADH is synthesized by the adrenal gland and works in the kidney. -ADH would increase urine volume.
ADH is released by the posterior pituitary gland.
If the micturition reflex is primarily controlled by parasympathetic innervation, then how is it that you have voluntary control of when you choose to urinate?
The external urethral sphincter is under skeletal muscle control. When it is voluntarily relaxed, the internal urethral sphincter will open, allowing the flow of urine.
The region of the nephron containing intercalated cells primarily associated with pH balance is the
collecting duct
The detrusor muscle
compresses the urinary bladder and expels urine through the urethra.
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?
consequence of hyperventilation (for example, in fever or mental illness)
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder metabolic alkalosis?
consequence of prolonged vomiting
Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory acidosis?
consequence of reduced alveolar ventilation (for example, due to emphysema)
What is the kidney's response to alkalosis caused by the removal of H+?
conserve H+ and secrete HCO3-
Blood leaves the glomerulus through a blood vessel called the
efferent arteriole.
What is the osmolarity of the filtrate at the end of the proximal tubule?
isotonic - 300 mOsm
Modified smooth muscle cells in the wall of the afferent arteriole that secrete renin are called
juxtaglomerular cells.
An important structure for blood pressure regulation is the
juxtaglomerular complex.
The cells of the macula densa, the juxtaglomerular cells, and the extraglomerular mesangial cells form the
juxtaglomerular complex.
Nephrons located close to the medulla with long nephron loops are called ________ nephrons.
juxtamedullary
All of the following are examples of compensatory mechanisms that would occur as a result of metabolic acidosis except: -buffer systems accept H+. -respiratory rate increases. -kidneys retain H+. -kidneys secrete H+. -kidneys generate bicarbonate.
kidneys retain H+.
In response to respiratory alkalosis, the
kidneys retain more hydrogen ions.
The primary role of the carbonic-acid-bicarbonate buffer system is to
limit pH changes caused by metabolic and fixed acids.
How do the lungs respond to metabolic acidosis?
lungs increase respiratory rate
In the renal corpuscle, the visceral layer is a layer of specialized cells called
podocytes
The main site for water reabsorption along the nephron is the __________.
proximal convoluted tubule
Aldosterone-sensitive portions of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct allow for the exchange of which ions?
reabsorption of sodium ions in exchange for potassium ions
Hypoventilation leads to
respiratory acidosis.
When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys
secrete more hydrogen ions and fewer bicarbonate ions
The process that transports solutes, including many drugs, into the tubular fluid is called
secretion
ADH creates a (small or large) volume of (dilute or concentrated) urine.
small; concentrated
Excess hydrogen ion is eliminated from the body largely by
the kidneys
What type of epithelium is found lining the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the proximal portion of the urethra?
transitional
The ________ is a capillary bed that parallels the nephron loop (loop of Henle).
vasa recta
Calcium reabsorption by the kidneys is promoted by the hormone
parathyroid hormone.
Reabsorbed water and solutes enter into the
peritubular fluid.
What is the proper order for the structures of the renal corpuscle through which a substance travels during filtration? 1. filtration slit (slit pore) 2. capsular space 3. basement membrane 4. fenestrated endothelium
4, 3, 1, 2
Basically, what occurs in the countercurrent multiplier process?
A higher sodium concentration is produced in the renal medulla that osmotically draws out water, reducing it within the tubules and the urine.
Which of the following statements about aldosterone is NOT correct?: -Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule. -Aldosterone is produced in the adrenal cortex. -Aldosterone is stimulated by decreased plasma sodium levels and increased plasma potassium levels. -Aldosterone increases the number of passive sodium channels in the luminal membrane of the distal tubule and collecting duct, thus aiding sodium reabsorption.
Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption by increasing the number of Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
Which of these hormones causes the kidney to increase the body's content of sodium?
aldosterone
Sheila has been exercising at peak performance for about 60 minutes. She did not hydrate as effectively as she should have and as a result, her urine is deep yellow and low in volume. Which of the following is the most likely mechanism affecting this?
blood colloid osmotic pressure
A chemical that minimizes changes in the pH of a body fluid by releasing or binding hydrogen ion is called a(n)
buffer
The release of atrial naturetic peptides from the heart will cause the body to
excrete sodium ions and decrease ECF.
The urinary system does all of the following except: -eliminating organic waste products. -excreting excess albumin molecules. -regulating blood volume. -helping to stabilize blood pH. -regulating plasma concentrations of electrolytes.
excreting excess albumin molecules.
The step in kidney function in which fluid is forced out of the blood includes moving fluid __________.
from glomerulus to glomerular capsule
One mechanism the kidney uses to raise systemic blood pressure is to
increase secretion of renin by the juxtaglomerular complex.
All of the following would result in an increase in renin release except: -blockage in the renal artery. -decreased osmotic concentration at the macula densa. -stimulation of juxtaglomerular cells. -increased blood volume. -decreased blood pressure at the glomerulus.
increased blood volume.
Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by all of the following mechanisms except: -stimulating the kidneys to conserve sodium. -causing the release of ADH. -triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone. -stimulating thirst. -increasing PNS activity.
increasing PNS activity.
The mechanism for producing a concentrated urine involves all of the following except: -aquaporins being inserted into the membranes of the collecting duct cells. -the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) by the posterior pituitary gland. -an increase in facultative water reabsorption. -a high concentration of NaCl in the interstitial fluid that surrounds the collecting ducts. -obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
obligatory water reabsorption in the proximal convoluted tubule.
