BIOL 102 EXAM 3 PRACTICE PROBLEMS

Fluid in the lymphatic system, as well as interstitial fluid, is A) derived from blood plasma. B) pumped from the left ventricle into lymphatic vessels and then back into the right atrium. C) composed mostly of formed elements from blood. D) the liquid portion of fluid escaping from the digestive system. E) produced by the endothelium to lubricate the interior of vascular tissue.

- A) derived from blood plasma.

Which one of the following is characteristic of T lymphocytes but NOT B lymphocytes? A) direct attack of antigen-bearing cells B) production of immunoglobulins C) maturation in the red bone marrow D) production of plasma cells E) antibody-mediated immunity

- A) direct attack of antigen-bearing cells

The left ventricle has a more muscular wall than the other three chambers of the heart because the left ventricle A) must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body. B) pumps blood more rapidly than the other chambers. C) pumps blood into the atria. D) must decrease the amount of pressure on the blood so it can flow more smoothly. E) receives blood directly from major arteries.

- A) must generate enough blood pressure to pump blood into the aorta and throughout the body.

Which one of the following best explains why humans must constantly breathe in oxygen in order to stay alive? A) Oxygen is an important source of energy for cells and is used to make glucose. B) Oxygen is essential for the production of most of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions. C) Oxygen must be available to cells in order for them to make the sugars necessary to supply energy for cell functions. D) Oxygen is used to drive the anaerobic breakdown of sugars for the production of ATP. E) Oxygen is converted to carbon dioxide, which is then used to drive the production of ADP.

- B) Oxygen is essential for the production of most of the ATPs required to fuel cell functions.

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the spleen? A) It is located in the lower portion of the thoracic cavity. B) Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood. C) White pulp of the spleen contains macrophages that kill microorganisms circulating in the lymph. D) Red pulp of the spleen contains primarily lymphocytes. E) The spleen has the same functions as the tonsils.

- B) Red pulp of the spleen stores excess blood.

Which one of the following is a CORRECT statement? A) Blood pressure is higher in veins than in arteries since blood must be returned to the heart. B) Veins are more distensible than arteries. C) Veins have a smaller lumen than arteries. D) The walls of veins are made up of two distinct layers of tissues. E) Veins carry blood to the capillaries of the body.

- B) Veins are more distensible than arteries.

The advantage of having memory cells in specific defenses is that A) they remain in an active state, continuously producing antibodies. B) if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells. C) they prevent production of other proteins so that antibodies can be produced. D) they produce antibodies and can become phagocytic. E) they prevent viruses from entering the body a second time

- B) if exposed to an antigen a second time, they quickly become plasma cells.

Viral-infected human cells often send out special proteins that serve as an early warning system to uninfected cells. In response, the uninfected cells develop antiviral proteins that protect them. The early warning proteins sent out by viral-infected cells are A) complement. B) interferon. C) antibodies. D) antigens. E) antibiotics.

- B) interferon.

. The following is a list of steps involved in the process of phagocytosis. Which of the following answers indicates these steps in the CORRECT order? 1. Lysosome fuses with the vesicle containing a foreign cell. 2. Wastes from the foreign cell are removed. 3. The foreign cell is surrounded by the cell membrane of the phagocyte. 4. Lysosomal enzymes break down the foreign cell. 5. The foreign cell is contained within a vesicle. A) 5, 3, 1, 4, 2 B) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 C) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2 D) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3 E) 3, 1, 5, 4, 2

- C) 3, 5, 1, 4, 2

Which one of the following types of T cells is a critical component of the immune system because it stimulates and enhances the activity of other components of the immune system? A) T suppressor cell B) T memory cell C) T helper cell D) cytotoxic T cell E) natural killer cells

- C) T helper cell

Ventilation refers to the process by which A) gases are exchanged between the cells and the lungs. B) gases are exchanged between the air and the blood. C) air moves into and out of the lungs. D) gases are exchanged between the blood and the cells. E) ATPs are produced.

- C) air moves into and out of the lungs.

Electrical impulses that stimulate contraction of heart muscles are initiated in the A) left ventricle. B) bundle of His. C) sinoatrial node. D) atrioventricular node. E) Purkinje fibers.

- C) sinoatrial node.

Most of the carbon dioxide released by cells is transported in the venous supply in what form? A) free carbon dioxide gas B) oxyhemoglobin C) soluble bicarbonate ion D) bound to hemoglobin E) carbon monoxide

- C) soluble bicarbonate ion

A little girl was playing in the snow one day and found that she was wiping her nose quite often. The "runny nose" that she was experiencing due to the cold temperatures resulted from A) an insufficient production of mucus. B) an inadequate supply of blood to the nasal epithelium. C) the slowed activity of nasal cilia. D) a buildup of tears in the nasal septum. E) the inability of the sinuses to drain.

- C) the slowed activity of nasal cilia.

Deoxygenated blood always flows A) into the left ventricle. B) toward the left atrium. C) toward the right atrium. D) in the systemic circuit. E) from capillaries to arterioles.

- C) toward the right atrium.

Which immune system cell must be presented with antigen by an antigen-presenting cell such as a macrophage, in order to become appropriately activated? A) B lymphocyte B) plasma cell C) macrophage D) T lymphocyte E) natural killer cell

- D) T lymphocyte

Which one of the following best explains why people get so many colds in their lifetime? A) The immune system has a hard time identifying the viruses that cause the colds. B) The viruses that cause these colds constantly produce new antibodies, which cause the symptoms. C) These individuals do not produce enough white blood cells. D) The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure. E) The B cells of these individuals destroy their T cells.

- D) The viruses that cause colds evolve rapidly, which results in a change in their antigenic structure.

Air in the airways that does not participate in gas exchange is known as A) expiratory reserve volume. B) tidal volume. C) inspiratory reserve volume. D) dead space volume. E) vital capacity.

- D) dead space volume.

A small amount of fluid is contained in the pleural cavity to A) promote the exchange of nutrients with both lungs. B) allow gas exchange between the lungs and the blood stream. C) allow white blood cells and macrophages access to foreign antigens entering the body through air. D) function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation. E) serve as a shock absorber for the lungs during body movement.

- D) function as a lubricant as the lungs move during ventilation.

During cytotoxic T cell attack of a target cell, which one of the following is released to pierce the cell membrane of the foreign cell, which ultimately kills the target cell? A) interferon B) eosinophil C) histamine D) perforin E) antibody

- D) perforin

Each of the following is part of the systemic circuit EXCEPT the A) aorta. B) left ventricle. C) aortic semilunar valve. D) pulmonary arteries. E) superior vena cava.

- D) pulmonary arteries.

The atrioventricular valves are closed when the A) right atrium is contracting. B) P wave of an electrocardiogram appears. C) heart is completely relaxed. D) ventricles contract. E) ventricles are relaxed

- D) ventricles contract.

Once a macrophage engulfs a bacterium, what happens to the foreign cell? A) It is released into the lymph system for removal from the body. B) It is released into the digestive tract for removal from the body. C) The macrophage is attacked by antibodies, killing the cell and bacterium. D) Antibodies penetrate the macrophage to lyse the bacterial cell. E) The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

- E) The bacterium is killed by digestive enzymes released from lysosomes.

. Arrange the following entries in the order in which air contacts them as air is drawn into the body. a. trachea b. bronchiole c. pharynx d. alveoli e. larynx A) e, c, b, a, d B) c, a, e, d, b C) b, d, a, c, e D) c, a, e, b, d E) c, e, a, b, d

- E) c, e, a, b, d

All of the following are ways in which a mild fever participates as part of the body's second line of defense and aids the body EXCEPT A) increasing the metabolic rate of body cells. B) speeding up defense reactions. C) increasing the rate of tissue repair. D) creating an inhospitable internal environment for pathogenic bacteria. E) enhancing the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells.

- E) enhancing the secretion of antibodies by plasma cells.

T or F: All veins carry deoxygenated blood.

- False

T or F: Deoxygenated blood is transported to the pulmonary capillaries of the lungs by the pulmonary veins; oxygenated blood is transported away from the pulmonary capillaries by the pulmonary arteries.

- False

T or F: Tears and saliva contain the enzyme dermicidin, which is effective in preventing bacteria from entering the human body.

- False

T or F: Deoxygenated blood in the right side of the heart never mixes with the oxygenated blood in the left side of the heart.

- True

T or F: The thymus gland, which is responsible for the development of T cells, stops growing during adolescence and shrinks as one grows into adulthood.

- True

Which layer of the heart is in contact with the blood? A) pericardium B) endocardium C) myocardium D) epicardium E) epithelial

- endocardium

T or F: Viral infections can usually be treated with antibiotics.

- False

Vaccines contain A) memory cells against the pathogen. B) antigens of the pathogen. C) antibodies of the pathogen. D) lymphokines. E) T cells programmed to attack the pathogen.

- B) antigens of the pathogen.

The "lub" of the lub-DUB sounds heard through a stethoscope when listening to the heart is produced by the A) inferior vena cava and superior vena cava emptying into the right atrium. B) closing of the two atrioventricular valves. C) contraction of the atria. D) closing of the aortic valve and pulmonary valve. E) pulmonary arteries emptying into the left atrium.

- B) closing of the two atrioventricular valves.

Which one of the following enables T helper cells to stimulate and activate other cells of the immune response? A) interferon B) cytokines C) antibodies D) complement E) histamine

- B) cytokines

Which of the following leukocytes is most likely to be directly involved in the destruction of flukes (a parasitic flatworm)? A) natural killer cells B) eosinophils C) neutrophils D) B lymphocytes E) basophils

- B) eosinophils

Passive immunity differs from active immunity in that passive immunity A) causes long-term immunity. B) involves the administration of preformed antibodies. C) results in the production of antibodies. D) is not effective against a preexisting condition. E) results in the production of memory cells.

- B) involves the administration of preformed antibodies.

All of the following are involved in the generation of an allergic response EXCEPT which one? A) allergen B) IgE C) IgG D) mast cells and basophils E) histamine

- C) IgG

Once a prion enters a nerve cell, it essentially A) assumes the correct folding orientation for the protein. B) stops the cascade of misfolding events associated with adjacent cells. C) becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins. D) differentiates into a nonreplicating virus. E) differentiates into a replicating virus.

- C) becomes self-propagating, causing misfolding of nearby normal proteins.

The respiratory control center is located A) in the pulmonary veins. B) in the pulmonary arteries. C) in the medulla oblongata. D) in the right lung. E) throughout the arteries.

- C) in the medulla oblongata.

External respiration is the process of A) transporting gases in the blood stream to target cells. B) exchanging air in lungs with the surrounding environment. C) moving gases into or out of the blood stream within lung tissue. D) gas uptake by target cells. E) carbon dioxide release by cells into the bloodstream.

- C) moving gases into or out of the blood stream within lung tissue.

Body defenses that respond to generalized tissue damage and many common pathogens are referred to as A) phagocytic. B) antipathogenic responses. C) nonspecific mechanisms. D) lymphomas. E) specific mechanisms.

- C) nonspecific mechanisms.

The sinoatrial node A) is located in the left atrium. B) sends out a signal for contraction once every two minutes. C) regulates the rate of heart contraction. D) is also known as the atrioventricular node. E) receives signals from the atrioventricular node.

- C) regulates the rate of heart contraction.

Which one of the following plays the most significant role in regulating the distribution of blood into tissues? A) arteries B) veins C) capillaries D) arterioles E) venules

- D) arterioles

All of the following are features of capillaries that promote exchange between blood and interstitial fluid EXCEPT which one? A) Capillaries lack connective tissue in their walls. B) Capillary walls consist of a single layer of squamous epithelial cells. C) Capillary walls have pores within the cells and slits between the cells, making them "leaky." D) Capillary walls lack smooth muscle. E) Capillaries have tiny valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.

- E) Capillaries have tiny valves that keep the blood flowing in one direction.

Which of the following is a penetrating wound resulting in collapse of the lung? A) cystic fibrosis B) pneumonia C) mesothelioma D) congestive heart failure E) pneumothorax

- E) pneumothorax

Following damage to his heart, Jim is having a pacemaker implanted. Which one of the following components of the heart does this device replace the activity of? A) atrioventricular node B) sinoatrial valve C) atrioventricular bundle D) Purkinje fibers E) sinoatrial node

- E) sinoatrial node

In which one of the following blood vessels is blood under the lowest pressure? A) artery B) arteriole C) capillary D) venule E) vein

- E) vein

Given the following components of the cardiac conduction cycle, which one of the following best describes the movement of the stimulus that causes a heart contraction? A. atrioventricular bundle B. sinoatrial node C. atria D. atrioventricular node E. Purkinje fibers F. ventricles A) B, C, D, A, E, F B) B, D, A, C, E, F C) D, A, E, F, B, C D) A, D, E, B, C, F E) B, C, D, F, A, E

- A) B, C, D, A, E, F

Life-threatening aneurisms are most likely to occur in A) veins. B) venules. C) capillaries. D) arterioles. E) arteries.

- E) arteries.

T or F: One role of MHC proteins is that they serve as self markers to the human immune system.

- True

T or F: Prions are infectious proteins that cause normal proteins in the brain to misfold.

- True

T or F: The lumen of capillaries is so small that red blood cells must travel through these blood vessels in single file or sometimes actually squeeze through.

- True

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding baroreceptors? A) Baroreceptors are pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure. B) Baroreceptors are located in the right atrium and right ventricle. C) Baroreceptors respond to high blood pressure by causing an increase in heart contraction. D) Baroreceptors respond to low blood pressure by causing vasodilation of the arterioles. E) Baroreceptors send nerve impulses directly to the heart.

- A) Baroreceptors are pressure sensors that monitor blood pressure.

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the lymphatic system? A) The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid. B) Lymph flows from lymph capillaries to larger lymphatic vessels to the heart and lungs. C) Lymphatic capillaries absorb lipid droplets from plasma. D) Lymph is excreted from the body. E) Lymphatic capillaries produce interstitial fluid.

- A) The lymphatic system removes microorganisms from body fluid.

The aortic semilunar valve opens when the A) arterial pressure is lower than the ventricular pressure. B) right ventricle is in diastole. C) atrioventricular valves open. D) atrium is in systole. E) pulmonary semilunar valve closes.

- A) arterial pressure is lower than the ventricular pressure.

Blood pressure is highest in A) arteries. B) capillaries. C) arterioles. D) venules. E) veins.

- A) arteries.

Skin is able to prevent most microorganisms from entering the body by A) producing alkaline secretions. B) having keratin in the uppermost layer. C) production of antibodies. D) the adhesion junction in the skin preventing bacteria from entering. E) releasing macrophages on the skin surface.

- B) having keratin in the uppermost layer.

When comparing viruses and bacteria, which one of the following statements is CORRECT? A) Viruses are larger than bacteria. B) Viruses are pathogens; bacteria are decomposers. C) Viruses have membrane-bound organelles; bacteria do not have membrane-bound organelles. D) Viruses and bacteria are both able to reproduce on their own. E) Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.

- E) Viruses and bacteria both contain genetic material.

The release of chemicals from injured cells triggers histamine release from A) macrophages. B) B cells. C) neutrophils. D) phagocytes. E) mast cells.

- E) mast cells.