biol 2130 chapter 53

about how much energy of gpp goes to npp?

45%; 55% is for cellular respiration and heat

Detritus is composed of _____.

dead organic matter and excreted wastes

why is npp low in deserts despite low altitude and closeness to equator

the low rainfall

4 main questions of biogeochemical cycles

1. nature & size of reservoirs? 2. how fast do they move inbetween and what process move them? 3. how do humans affect the movement? 4. how do biogeochemical cycles cross?

npp = gpp - (_)

R, the energy used/lost in cellular respiration

Cows eat grass. If you added up all the biomass of a population of cows and the biomass of all the grass that those cows eat over their lifetimes, which would be higher?

cow biomass < grass biomass. It would take about 100 kg of grass to produce every 10 kg of cow.

how is nitrogen cycle affected by humans?

cultivating crops with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, industrially producing fertilizers which makes that bacteria less needed, and burning fossil fuels which have nitric oxide

effect of eutropification, when algae are killed and decoposed by microbes

dead zones, where there is no oxygen production in water

What factor most affects nutrient cycling? See Section 53.2 ( page 1124) . Decomposition The amount of rainfall The acidity of secretions produced by plant roots Nutrient production

decomposition

What name is given to the process by which detritivores return carbon to the atmosphere?

decomposition

t or f once carbon enters a plant it can....be turned into energy for plant growth

false, because carbon can store energy, it doesn't provide any

Grass contains carbon. When a cow eats grass, where does the carbon from the grass end up?

in the biomass of the cow and in the atmosphere as CO2

_ is the foundation of ecosystems because it represents the energy, in the form of biomass, available for consumption by other organisms.

NPP

global climate change

sum of all the changes inn temperature and precipitation patterns that result from global warning- storms, droughts, etc.

what will climate change do to affect AVERAGE temperature?

temperature extremes will increase (severe droughts and freezes)

over the land which has a higher net gain of water, the land or the atmosphere

the land; more water precipitates that evaporates

open/uncontained aquifer

they can be recharged by water percolating down from the surface

t or f once carbon enters a plant it can.... become part of the plant cell walls, protein and fat

true

watersheds

areas drained by a single stream

why do higher tropic levels get more POP biognification?

because they have much less biomass and the same amount of tissue; so the concentration is intense

nitrogen based run off causes overfertilization of algal blooms in aquatic systems

eutropification

GPP

gross primary product

positive feedback in global warming

high temperatures cause fires, which release CO2. tundra decomposes faster when its hot, so CO2 releasing faster than it should. more CO2 triggers more CH4 and N2O to release in soil microbes. Melting ice makes more open water, which absorbs more sun than ice, making it hotter there.

One effect of global warming is ______. See Section 53.3 ( page 1130) .

increased species extinction rates because of the need to shift ranges

NPP

net primary productivity

how much of total npp is taken by humns? what is that used for?

24%. 53% of this is timber or food, 40% is parking lots or development; 7% is destroyed from human-fires

Many of the linkers in the map say "pass SOME energy and nutrients to." Where did the rest of the energy go? Select the most appropriate linker to make the map more complete.

All trophic levels release some energy as heat.

Dendritus dead animal rotting log

Primary producer living maple leaves Primary consumer or decomposer maggots cricket fungus Secondary consumer earthworm millipede Both secondary and tertiary consumer alligator lizard robin

You can get mercury poisoning if you eat daily meals of tuna, a top predator. However, you can safely eat sardines, which are primary consumers, every day. What biological process explains this? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) .

biomagnification

boreal forest or tropical wet forest has more detritus and organic matter?why?

boeal forests limit the metabolic rate of decomposers, so decomposition and cycling is slow; and rapid in tropical forests

Which of the activities listed below could help limit global warming by slowing the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels? Select all that apply. choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy cutting down forests to build houses burning vegetation to clear land for agriculture using more electrical appliances and cars

choosing a fuel-efficient car, or bicycling to school or work limiting soil erosion so organic matter takes longer to decompose replacing fossil fuels with nuclear energy

humus

completely decayed detrius

soil organic matter

complex mixture of partially and completely decomposed detritus

dead or alive food chains more favorable?

depend on season, temperature, light levels, species interactions but its mostly much more npp with live food

biological effects of climate change

geographic range shifts, pheneology shits, evolutionary adaption, extinction, acidification (oceans get more acidic with CO2 absorption)

where is productivity highest, land or sea?

in general, on land because there is more light for photosynthesis in the land than underwater

global warming

increase of the average temperature of the planet

NPP affect from global climate change

its increasing in some places, but its decreasing where it matters. the biggest sink is the southern hemisphere and its loosing the most and becoming more of a source than a sink

aquifers

layers of porus rock, sand, or gravel saturated with water

do plants absorb all the light the sun emits?

no only about 0.8%

are their more nutrients where there is vegetation or none?

none, but it was never constant because plant roots couldnt stop it for washing away again

lowest underwater productivity?

oceanic zones with no upwelling or river input; it is somewhat of a dessert full of dead cells

what will climate change do to affect water cycle?

reduced soil moisture, which reduces freshwater reservoirs, melting ice caps affects ocean currents and clouds

closed/contained aquifer

take thousands of years to recharge, covered in nonporous rock

global nitrogen cycle

the atmosphere has 78% of nitrogen the soil has fixed versions of it, given back to the atmosphere through excreting bacteria

over the ocean which has a higher net gain of water, the ocean or the atmosphere

the atmosphere; more air evaporates than it precipitates into the ocean

why can solar panels only reach 20% efficiency and plants and stuff?

the efficiency of enzymes is temperature dependent, seasons can affect photosynthesis rates, only a fraction of the light wavelengths available

decomposer food chain

the primary producer is dead, eaten by detrovore which is eaten by consumer

what is gpp used for in producers?

cellular respiration or growth and reproduction

what ways can a nutrient exported to other ecosystems

-carbon dioxide is in the atmosphere, which is shared -herbivore can poop plants in another ecosystem -water or wind can transport any nutrients and drop it off anywhere

what factors control the rate of nutrient cycling

1. abiotic factors (oxygen, temperature, precipitation) 2. the quality of detritus as a nutrient source for fungi and accomplish decomposition 3. abundance and diversity of detritovores present

what 4 ways are nutrients replaced

1. ions when rocks are weathered 2. arrive in streams or blown in 3. carbon is added when producers fix carbon via photosynthesis 4. nitrogen added when bacteria convert N2 to usable Nitrogen in ammonium or nitrate ions

a 235/1575 b 25/235 c 3/25

14.9, 10.6, 12.0 %

The reference map does not indicate the source of energy and nutrients for decomposers. What would be an appropriate linker to add to the map to make it more complete?

All trophic levels pass energy and nutrients to decomposers.

Why does it take 10 times more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) .

Cattle only integrate 10 percent of their food into biomass. Much of the energy is spent on body maintenance and is unavailable to the higher-order consumer.

why is it more efficient to eat lobster than chicken even though they feed at the same tropic level

Crustaceans and fish are ectothermic, so they are much more efficient at converting primary production into the biomass in their bodies than are endothermic birds and mammals.

What compounds to nitrogen fixing bacteria put it in from N2?

NH4+ and NO3

Which of these removes carbon from the atmosphere?

algae

dead stuff

detritus

biomass efficiency better in ecto or endotherms?

ectotherms because they devote their energy to growth instead of heat n respiration

is npp higher towards the poles or equator? why?

equator; because the sunlight and temperature availability decrease with latitude

which animal produces better biomass large or small, why?

large, small s:va ratio and loose less heat

biomass is the same as

npp

weather

short term temperature, moisture, sunlight, wind

grazing food chain

the primary producer is alive, eaten by a consumer

gpp

total amount of energy produced in a given area and timer period

where is productivity highest underwater?

-where rivers delivered nutrients and deposit them on the coast -nearshore ocean currents bring cold nutrients upwards (up-welling)

carbon cycles 4 awnsers

1. the reservoir is the biomass of living organisms, sediments and soils and buried fossil fuels 2.the global photosynthetic rate 3. when fossil fuels are burned, the carbon buried in oil/coal is moved in the air as CO2 4. scientists are trying to research how the nitrogen cycle affects the carbon cycle

why does npp diminish with increasing tropic levels

At each trophic level, most of the energy that is consumed is lost to cellular respiration and ultimately heat, metabolism, or other maintenance activities, which leaves only a small percentage of energy for biomass production (growth and reproduction).

In what form does energy pass through the trophic levels shown on the map?

chemical potential energy

climate

long-term average pattern of regional or global whether

soil erosion how does it accelerate nutrient export?

moves nutrients that bound to soil or dissolved in water, creates runoff

types of greenhouse gasses

n2o methane (ch4) and co2

greenhouse gas

traps heat that has been radiated from earth and keeps it from being lost to space

t or f once carbon enters a plant it can.... be consumed by an insect feeding on the plant and become part of the insect's body

true

t or f once carbon enters a plant it can.... exit the plant as CO2

true, plants have cellular respiration

where is productivity highest and lowest on land?

tundras and deserts are the lowest and tropics are the highest

negative feedback in global warming

when more climate change affects occur, CO2 will be more sequestered and attempted to be reduced.

in san fran if the weather is foggy and cool on the coast but sunny and warm inland, is their climate the same?

yes

Which sequence of organisms represents a primary producer -> primary consumer -> secondary consumer -> tertiary consumer in a food chain?

algae -> snail -> otter -> shark

Biogeochemical cycles The carbon cycle is one of many biogeochemical cycles on Earth. Can you identify the main features of a biogeochemical cycle and show how the carbon cycle exhibits these features? Drag the terms on the left to the appropriate blanks on the right to complete the sentences. Not all terms will be used.

1. In a biogeochemical cycle, a chemical element spends time in different places, called reservoirs. 2. As a chemical element moves through a biogeochemical cycle, it moves between "bio" and "geo." The "bio" in biogeochemical refers to biotic reservoirs, or living organisms. 3. The "geo" in biogeochemical refers to Earth--specifically, to the abiotic reservoirs where a chemical element can be found. 4. In the terrestrial carbon cycle, the abiotic reservoir from which living organisms directly obtain their carbon is the atmosphere. 5. Carbon moves from an abiotic reservoir to living organisms during the process of photosynthesis. 6. Carbon moves from living organisms to an abiotic reservoir during the process of cellular respiration.

why are atmospheric CO2 concentrations low in the northern hemisphere in summer and high in winter?

Photosynthesis increases in summer in the Northern Hemisphere, resulting in removal of CO2 from the atmosphere.

What is a negative feedback in the context of global warming? See Section 53.3 ( page 1130) The absorption of carbon dioxide by plants and the ocean increases Carbon dioxide produces increased clouds, blocking sunlight from reaching the ground Warmer temperatures increase human use of air conditioning Warmer temperatures melt snow in northern latitudes, adding more methane to the atmosphere

The absorption of carbon dioxide by plants and the ocean increases

estimate the npp per unit area for the open ocean, how does this explain the high total npp despite its low npp per swquare meter

The average NPP is about 125 g/m2/year. Area = 65 percent. Although NPP in the ocean is very small, the ocean is so vast that it ends up being the largest contributor to total NPP.

what happens to the pH of a glass of water when u low water of it through a straw

The pH of the water will decrease (acidity will increase) because CO2 from your breath reacts with water to form carbonic acid.

The carbon cycle describes the cycling of carbon between Earth's biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) reservoirs. Identify the major reservoirs and processes in the carbon cycle by labeling the diagram below.

a CO2 in atmosphere b photosynthesis on land c photosynthesis in ocean d cellular respiration e plants f burning fossil fuels g consumers h decomposers

energy invested in producers in building new tissue or offspring

npp

ocean acidicfication due to climate change

ocean does 1/3 of the CO2 but reacts with water to form H2CO3 which turns into HCO3-, carbonic acid.

NPP ocean change?

NPP is decreasing in the oceans because the density gradient became too steep, nutrient-rich water is not brought by currents anymore

true or false plants create energy so that animals will have food

This statement is incorrect for two reasons: (1) according to the first law of thermodynamics, plants cannot create energy—rather, they transform light energy into chemical potential energy; (2) it is common for humans to apply our goal-oriented perspective to other organisms, but plants do not act purposefully to help other organisms

Why would it take 10x more energy to grow a kilogram of beef than a kilogram of wheat

To grow a kilogram of beef, first you have to grow 10 kg of grain or grass and feed it to the cow. Only 10 percent of this 10 kg will be used for growth and reproduction—the other 9 kg is used for cellular respiration or lost as heat.

why would you get mercury poisoning from eating tuna (top predator) everyday but not the same amount of sardines (primary consumers)

Tuna are top predators in marine food webs. Mercury occurs in low concentrations in the water, but accumulates in higher concentrations at each trophic level. By eating a lot of tuna, you will accumulate mercury over time and potentially get mercury poisoning. Sardines are primary consumers, a low trophic level, and so they are not in danger of biomagnification of mercury.

If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter. Energy contained in feces is available to higher trophic levels. Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature. Energy spent on cellular respiration is available to higher trophic levels. Autotrophs typically capture about 90% of the available energy from the sun through photosynthesis. In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy. Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels.

If the lowest trophic level of an ecosystem--the primary producers--contains 1,200 grams of biomass per square meter, it is reasonable to expect the secondary consumer level to contain about 12 grams of biomass per square meter.Animals that produce their own body heat and maintain a high body temperature are likely to be less efficient at converting food into biomass than are animals that do not regulate their body temperature.In a trophic pyramid, biomass represents chemical energy. Energy used in the production of offspring is available to higher trophic levels.

why are tropical farms unsuccessful?

In the tropics, nutrients cycle rapidly through forests, meaning that most of the nutrients are tied up in biomass rather than slowly decomposing in the soil. When the trees of tropical rain forests are hauled away, the nutrients are exported from the site, leaving only poor soil to nourish the crops.

What is net primary productivity (NPP)? See Section 53.1 ( page 1118) .

Primary producer biomass or organic material that can be consumed. NPP measures the amount of primary producer material that is available for consumption after the primary producers have used some portion of GPP for cellular respiration or lost it as heat.

why is burning fossil fuels bad?

it releases carbons that have been purposefully contained in reservoirs for millions of years, which is more than our depleting trees can handle

burning how does it accelerate nutrient export?

releases nutrients into the atmosphere

farming, logging how does it accelerate nutrient export?

remove biomass in the form of plants

Carbon dioxide functions as a greenhouse gas because it _____. See Section 53.3 ( page 1130) . traps heat that has been radiated from Earth similar to the way the glass of a greenhouse traps heat makes tropical plants grow more rapidly than normal, just like in a greenhouse creates moist, humid environments similar to a greenhouse (eventually) makes plants grow year-round, just like in a greenhouse

traps heat that has been radiated from Earth similar to the way the glass of a greenhouse traps heat