biol 2402 lab exam 1

final electron acceptor

O2

what combines to form water, the main metabolic water in body?

O2 & 2 low energy electrons combine w 2 protons from mitochondrial matrix

what is the master gland?

Pituitary gland it was believed to be source of control over several other endocrine glands, but now understood to be controlled by hypothalamus

adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH

activates cortex of adrenal gland

anterior pituitary is also called

adenohypophysis

ATP also known as

adenosine triphosphate

target tissue of ACTH

adrenal cortex

adrenal glands hormones *adrenal cortex*

aldosterone cortisol androgens

dep. var. in experiment

amt. of oxygen consumed

at start of exercise, delivery of O2 by circulatory system does not meet demand and ATP is briefly produced by?

anaerobic fermentation

hypothalamus hormones

antidiuretic hormone ADH oxytocin OT thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH growth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH (dopamine) somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)

heart hormone

atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

dependent variable

being tested and measured in experiment as ind. var. changes

how oxygen plays key role in aerobic cellular metabolism?

binding w low energy electrons at end of electron transport chain

anaerobic fermentation quickly changes to aerobic metabolism how?

blood flow increases and delivers more O2 to muscles

why does a hormone take longer to reach destination than nerve impulse?

blood flows much slower that conduction of nerve impulse

target tissue of GH

bone muscle fat cartilage liver

skin hormone

cholecalciferol

what is hypothalamus?

connection between autonomic nervous system & endocrine system

CHR stimulates cells called

cortiotrophs

adrenal glands hormones *adrenal medulla*

epinephrine E norepinephrine NE dopamine

liver hormones

erythropoietin EPO calcidiol angiotensinogen

kidney hormones

erythropoietin EPO calcitriol (vit. D3) renin

spirometer

fitted w O2 gas sensor measures % of O2 in inhaled air & exhaled air during rest & exercise

what is ATP

form of energy used in metabolic reactions in body

digestive tract hormones

gastrin secretin

anterior pituitary gland is composed of?

glandular epithelium

GnRH stimulates cells called

gonadotrophs

endocrine gland located in pelvic cavity of female

gonads: ovaries

endocrine gland located exteriorly in the scrotum

gonads: testes

majority of O2 is carried on?

hemoglobin molecules found in red blood cells

endocrine system maintains a stable internal equilibrium, or

homeostasis

result when endocrine system is overwhelmed due to disease?

homeostatic imbalance that affects overall health

6 hormones are released by hypothalamus into what? and delivered to what?

hypophyseal portal system- capillary bed anterior pituitary

pituitary gland aka

hypophysis *hypo* = under + *phys* = grow/produce

2 hormones produced by nuclei in hypothalamus travel via _____________ ________ to posterior pituitary where they are stored until released? what are the hormones?

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract ADH OT

cranial cavity endocrine glands

hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland

major endocrine glands

hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland thymus pancreas adrenal glands gonads: ovaries & testes

hypothalamus location

in floor of diencephalon of brain

pancreas hormones

insulin glucagon somatostatin

independent variable

intentionally manipulated in experiment to test effects on dep. variable

target tissue of ADH

kidney tubules

prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine) inhibits cells called

lactotrophs from producing prolactin

what does oxyhemoglobin do?

liberates O2 more readily at tissues if O2 concentration in tissues is low (due to consumption by cells) & CO2 concentration is high (due to ATP production)

tissues & organs that have endocrine functions not typically thought of as endocrine?

liver skin heart kidney digestive tract

scientific method

logical & rational order of steps that help a scientist to organize their thoughts & procedures to be confident in conclusion.

target tissue of prolactin

mammary glands

pineal gland hormone

melatonin

aerobic cellular respiration

most of ATP is generated in mitochondria of cells by this process

when compared to nervous system, the control provided by endocrine system occurs?

much slower & lasts longer

oxygen is consumed by ________________________ to produce _________?

muscle cells & other cells ATP

pituitary gland is attached to hypothalamus via?

narrow stalk called *infundibulum*

endocrine system works hand in hand w ________ _________ to what?

nervous system regulate body functions

posterior pituitary is also called

neurohypophysis due to its composition of nervous tissue

release of ADH & OT are under ________ ________ as a result of sensory receptors from parts of body that relay info. to hypothalamus, which responds by producing these hormones

neutral control

6 steps of scientific method

observations/problem/questions hypothesis/prediction procedure/experimental design data collection/graphics/tables interpretation of results conclusions/evaluate hypothesis

for your body to generate ATP via aerobic respiration, what is required?

oxygen (O2)

oxygen saturated hemoglobin is called

oxyhemoglobin

endocrine glands located in abdominal cavity

pancreas adrenal glands

OT is produced by neuroendocrine cells of what? in response to what?

paraventricular nuclei sexual arousal breast-feeding during childbirth promoting contractions

pineal gland contains secretory cells called

pinealocytes, that synthesize melatonin

as cells consume O2, __________ ___________ favor movement of O2 down.

pressure gradients

hormones bind to?

receptors in/on target cells that trigger a change in cell's metabolic activity

melatonin MT

regulates biological rhythms, like sleep cycles, reproductive functions

growth hormone GH

regulates metabolism & body growth

GHRH stimulates cells called

somatotrophs

variables

specific differences that will test your hypothesis

Homeostasis

stable state stable internal equilibrium

Oxytocin (OT)

stimulates contractions of uterus & milk let down by mammary glands

follicle-stimulating hormone FSH

stimulates development of ovarian follicles & secretion of estrogen in females & sperm production in males

prolactin PRL

stimulates milk synthesis by mammary glands

luteinizing hormone LH

stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes in males & ovulation in females

thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH

stimulates thyroid gland

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys to reduce urine volume, & in turn, increase blood volume & blood pressure

pituitary gland *posterior lobe* hormones

stores & secretes: oxytocin OT antidiuretic hormone ADH

control condition

subject at rest

experimental condition

subject during exercise

ind. var. in experiment

subject's state of activity, subject at rest, subject doing exercise

ADH is produced by neuroendocrine cells of what? in response to what?

supraoptic nuclei dehydration low blood volume low blood pressure

endocrine system regulates cell & organ function by what?

synthesis & secretion of chemicals, *hormones*, by various endocrine glands, tissues, & cells scattered in body

pituitary gland *anterior lobe* hormones

synthesizes & secretes: adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH growth hormone GH follicle-stimulating hormone FSH luteinizing hormone LH prolactin PRL

hypothalamus controls?

system-wide homeostasis like: water balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, childbirth, bone growth, metabolism, stress management

gonads hormones

testes: testosterone ovaries: estrogen progesterone

target tissue of gonadotropic hormones: FSH & LH

testis ovary

thymus hormones

thymosin thymopoietin

endocrine gland in thoracic cavity

thymus

target tissue of TSH

thyroid gland

endocrine glands at base of neck

thyroid gland & parathyroid glands

somatostatin inhibits anterior pituitary from producing?

thyroid-stimulating hormone & growth hormone

TRH stimulates cells called

thyrotrophs

thyroid gland hormones

thyroxine T4 triidothuronine T3 calcitonin CT

target tissue of OT

uterine smooth muscle mammary glands

Vital Capacity (VC)

volume of air that a person breaths out *after* they have taken the deepest breath possible & exhales as much air as possible

hypothesis should be an

"if..." or "then..." statement

Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)

#2

parathyroid glands hormones

(on posterior surface of thyroid gland) parathyroid hormone PTH

for every 6 molecules of O2 consumed in oxidation of glucose,

6 molecules of carbon dioxide 6 molecules of water approx. 32 molecules of ATP

ADP + Pi + C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->

6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (heat or ATP)

equation of glucose

C6H12O6