biol 2402 lab exam 1
final electron acceptor
O2
what combines to form water, the main metabolic water in body?
O2 & 2 low energy electrons combine w 2 protons from mitochondrial matrix
what is the master gland?
Pituitary gland it was believed to be source of control over several other endocrine glands, but now understood to be controlled by hypothalamus
adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH
activates cortex of adrenal gland
anterior pituitary is also called
adenohypophysis
ATP also known as
adenosine triphosphate
target tissue of ACTH
adrenal cortex
adrenal glands hormones *adrenal cortex*
aldosterone cortisol androgens
dep. var. in experiment
amt. of oxygen consumed
at start of exercise, delivery of O2 by circulatory system does not meet demand and ATP is briefly produced by?
anaerobic fermentation
hypothalamus hormones
antidiuretic hormone ADH oxytocin OT thyrotropin-releasing hormone TRH gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH corticotropin-releasing hormone CRH growth hormone-releasing hormone GHRH prolactin-inhibiting hormone PIH (dopamine) somatostatin (growth hormone-inhibiting hormone)
heart hormone
atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
dependent variable
being tested and measured in experiment as ind. var. changes
how oxygen plays key role in aerobic cellular metabolism?
binding w low energy electrons at end of electron transport chain
anaerobic fermentation quickly changes to aerobic metabolism how?
blood flow increases and delivers more O2 to muscles
why does a hormone take longer to reach destination than nerve impulse?
blood flows much slower that conduction of nerve impulse
target tissue of GH
bone muscle fat cartilage liver
skin hormone
cholecalciferol
what is hypothalamus?
connection between autonomic nervous system & endocrine system
CHR stimulates cells called
cortiotrophs
adrenal glands hormones *adrenal medulla*
epinephrine E norepinephrine NE dopamine
liver hormones
erythropoietin EPO calcidiol angiotensinogen
kidney hormones
erythropoietin EPO calcitriol (vit. D3) renin
spirometer
fitted w O2 gas sensor measures % of O2 in inhaled air & exhaled air during rest & exercise
what is ATP
form of energy used in metabolic reactions in body
digestive tract hormones
gastrin secretin
anterior pituitary gland is composed of?
glandular epithelium
GnRH stimulates cells called
gonadotrophs
endocrine gland located in pelvic cavity of female
gonads: ovaries
endocrine gland located exteriorly in the scrotum
gonads: testes
majority of O2 is carried on?
hemoglobin molecules found in red blood cells
endocrine system maintains a stable internal equilibrium, or
homeostasis
result when endocrine system is overwhelmed due to disease?
homeostatic imbalance that affects overall health
6 hormones are released by hypothalamus into what? and delivered to what?
hypophyseal portal system- capillary bed anterior pituitary
pituitary gland aka
hypophysis *hypo* = under + *phys* = grow/produce
2 hormones produced by nuclei in hypothalamus travel via _____________ ________ to posterior pituitary where they are stored until released? what are the hormones?
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract ADH OT
cranial cavity endocrine glands
hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland
major endocrine glands
hypothalamus pituitary gland pineal gland thyroid gland parathyroid gland thymus pancreas adrenal glands gonads: ovaries & testes
hypothalamus location
in floor of diencephalon of brain
pancreas hormones
insulin glucagon somatostatin
independent variable
intentionally manipulated in experiment to test effects on dep. variable
target tissue of ADH
kidney tubules
prolactin-inhibiting hormone (dopamine) inhibits cells called
lactotrophs from producing prolactin
what does oxyhemoglobin do?
liberates O2 more readily at tissues if O2 concentration in tissues is low (due to consumption by cells) & CO2 concentration is high (due to ATP production)
tissues & organs that have endocrine functions not typically thought of as endocrine?
liver skin heart kidney digestive tract
scientific method
logical & rational order of steps that help a scientist to organize their thoughts & procedures to be confident in conclusion.
target tissue of prolactin
mammary glands
pineal gland hormone
melatonin
aerobic cellular respiration
most of ATP is generated in mitochondria of cells by this process
when compared to nervous system, the control provided by endocrine system occurs?
much slower & lasts longer
oxygen is consumed by ________________________ to produce _________?
muscle cells & other cells ATP
pituitary gland is attached to hypothalamus via?
narrow stalk called *infundibulum*
endocrine system works hand in hand w ________ _________ to what?
nervous system regulate body functions
posterior pituitary is also called
neurohypophysis due to its composition of nervous tissue
release of ADH & OT are under ________ ________ as a result of sensory receptors from parts of body that relay info. to hypothalamus, which responds by producing these hormones
neutral control
6 steps of scientific method
observations/problem/questions hypothesis/prediction procedure/experimental design data collection/graphics/tables interpretation of results conclusions/evaluate hypothesis
for your body to generate ATP via aerobic respiration, what is required?
oxygen (O2)
oxygen saturated hemoglobin is called
oxyhemoglobin
endocrine glands located in abdominal cavity
pancreas adrenal glands
OT is produced by neuroendocrine cells of what? in response to what?
paraventricular nuclei sexual arousal breast-feeding during childbirth promoting contractions
pineal gland contains secretory cells called
pinealocytes, that synthesize melatonin
as cells consume O2, __________ ___________ favor movement of O2 down.
pressure gradients
hormones bind to?
receptors in/on target cells that trigger a change in cell's metabolic activity
melatonin MT
regulates biological rhythms, like sleep cycles, reproductive functions
growth hormone GH
regulates metabolism & body growth
GHRH stimulates cells called
somatotrophs
variables
specific differences that will test your hypothesis
Homeostasis
stable state stable internal equilibrium
Oxytocin (OT)
stimulates contractions of uterus & milk let down by mammary glands
follicle-stimulating hormone FSH
stimulates development of ovarian follicles & secretion of estrogen in females & sperm production in males
prolactin PRL
stimulates milk synthesis by mammary glands
luteinizing hormone LH
stimulates secretion of testosterone by testes in males & ovulation in females
thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH
stimulates thyroid gland
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
stimulates water reabsorption in kidneys to reduce urine volume, & in turn, increase blood volume & blood pressure
pituitary gland *posterior lobe* hormones
stores & secretes: oxytocin OT antidiuretic hormone ADH
control condition
subject at rest
experimental condition
subject during exercise
ind. var. in experiment
subject's state of activity, subject at rest, subject doing exercise
ADH is produced by neuroendocrine cells of what? in response to what?
supraoptic nuclei dehydration low blood volume low blood pressure
endocrine system regulates cell & organ function by what?
synthesis & secretion of chemicals, *hormones*, by various endocrine glands, tissues, & cells scattered in body
pituitary gland *anterior lobe* hormones
synthesizes & secretes: adrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH thyroid-stimulating hormone TSH growth hormone GH follicle-stimulating hormone FSH luteinizing hormone LH prolactin PRL
hypothalamus controls?
system-wide homeostasis like: water balance, thermoregulation, reproduction, childbirth, bone growth, metabolism, stress management
gonads hormones
testes: testosterone ovaries: estrogen progesterone
target tissue of gonadotropic hormones: FSH & LH
testis ovary
thymus hormones
thymosin thymopoietin
endocrine gland in thoracic cavity
thymus
target tissue of TSH
thyroid gland
endocrine glands at base of neck
thyroid gland & parathyroid glands
somatostatin inhibits anterior pituitary from producing?
thyroid-stimulating hormone & growth hormone
TRH stimulates cells called
thyrotrophs
thyroid gland hormones
thyroxine T4 triidothuronine T3 calcitonin CT
target tissue of OT
uterine smooth muscle mammary glands
Vital Capacity (VC)
volume of air that a person breaths out *after* they have taken the deepest breath possible & exhales as much air as possible
hypothesis should be an
"if..." or "then..." statement
Neurohypophysis (posterior pituitary)
#2
parathyroid glands hormones
(on posterior surface of thyroid gland) parathyroid hormone PTH
for every 6 molecules of O2 consumed in oxidation of glucose,
6 molecules of carbon dioxide 6 molecules of water approx. 32 molecules of ATP
ADP + Pi + C6H12O6 + 6O2 -->
6CO2 + 6 H2O + energy (heat or ATP)
equation of glucose
C6H12O6