BIOL 365 Exam 1

Describe the thoracic vertebrae and their features

12 demifacets (costal facets), facet for tubercle of rib these are for articulation with the ribs

Describe the segments in a typical limb and their features.

4 bony segments, 3 major joints limb girdle (proximal), stylopod (consists of one large bone), zeugopod (consists of two long bones), autopod (distal array of digits)

Describe the lumbar vertebrae and their features

5 smaller transverse processes, accessory process, mammillary process, cup-like configuration of the articular facets because we need more stability

Describe the cervical vertebrae and their features

7 transverse foramen, anterior & posterior transverse tubercle, bifid spinous processes includes atlas and axis vertebral artery passes through transverse foramen

Describe the anatomical position.

Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.

proximal

Closer to the point of attachment

ganglion and nucleus

Ganglion=collection of neurons OUTSIDE the CNS Nucleus=collection of neurons INSIDE the CNS

mesoderm derivates

Middle layer Muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal), connective tissue

endoderm derivative

Most inside layer Gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract

4 ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint

acromioclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament trapezoid ligament conoid ligament

what functional classification do synovial joints fall under

all of them fall under diarthrosis

hypoglossal canal & its functional significance

allows hypoglossal nerve to pass through

the 3 ligaments of the elbow

annular ligament: ring around the head of the humerus that holds the head of the radius close to the ulna radial collateral ligament: attaches to the lateral side ulnar collateral ligament: attaches to medial side

3 ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint

anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligament interclavicular ligament costoclavicular ligament

styloid process & its functional significance

attachment for muscles and ligaments of the anterior neck and throat

pectineal line & its functional significance

attachment of pectineus muscle

radial tuberosity & its functional significance

attachment site for biceps muscle

ulnar tuberosity & its functional significance

attachment site for brachialis muscle

internal occipital crest & its functional significance

attachment site for falx cerebella which are part of meninges that separates cerebellum into hemispheres

crista galli & its functional significance

attachment site for falx cerebri, part of the meninges

gluteal tuberosity & its functional significance

attachment site for gluteal muscles

mastoid process & its functional significance

attachment site for muscles

rheumatoid arthritis

chronic, systemic, autoimmune, inflammatory disorder no exact cause usually symmetrical, smaller joints are usually affected first inflammation of the synovial membrane can lead to erosion of the adjoining bones, loss of cartilage, bone displacement

types of fibers in connective tissue and functions

collagen fibers (strongest, most common, provide resistance to tension), reticular fibers (covers and supports structure bordering connective tissue), and elastic fibers (make connective tissue stretchier)

functional and structural characteristics of epithelial tissue

covering of body surface, lines body cavities supported by connective tissue characteristics: tissue surface (most superior), epithelial cell layers, basement membrane, connective tissue

List the bones the comprise the cranial skeleton and the facial skeleton.

cranial: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid facial: nasal bones, lacrimals, zygomatic, inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, palatine, vomer, mandible

skull = cranium =

cranium + mandible skull - mandible

clavicle & its functional significance

deltoid muscle attaches to deltoid tubercle subclavius muscle attaches to subclavian groove trapezoid line is a ligament attachment conoid line is a ligament attachment costal tubercle is a ligament attachment

morphological classification: compact bone

dense bone tissue, solid

function of simple squamous epithelium

diffusion and filtration

Osteochondritis Dissecans

disease of the synovial joint where a segment of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage separates them from the underlying bone, separate segment can sometimes remain afloat in the joint cavity. usually associated with high-activity level school-aged children

internal acoustic meatus & its functional significance

facial nerves and vastibulococchlear nerves pass through this foramen to innervate the middle ear

three structural classifications of joints

fibrous: connected by fibrous tissue cartilaginous: connected by cartilage synovial: has a joint cavity

what layers of skin get damaged in first-degree, second-degree, third-degree, and fourth-degree burns

first: epidermis second: epidermis, part of dermis third: entire epidermis and dermis fourth: burned all the skin to the deep structure

gliding

flat surfaces of two bones slip across one another

foramen spinosum & its functional significance

for middle meningeal artery

ankylosing spondylitis

form of arthritis affecting the spine, fused bones of spinal bones

jugular foramen & its functional significance

formed by temporal and occipital bone, internal jugular vein passes through

foramen lacerum & its functional significance

formed by temporal bone and sphenoid which is normally filled with cartilage

smooth muscle

found in other organs, one nucleus, no striations

anterior

front of the body

Differentiate the major anatomical planes.

frontal (runs left to right); anteroposterior axis sagittal (runs front to back); mediolateral axis transverse (horizontal); longitudinal axis

movements at synovial joints

gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements

5 ligaments of the pelvis

interpubic ligaments sacroiliac ligaments sacrotuberus ligament sacrospinous ligament iliolumbar ligaments

two types of bones based on how they grow

intramembranous (dermal): skull and clavicle (ossify more quickly) endochondral: rest of body and skull base (ossify more slowly and have growth plates)

hip osteoarthritis

joint inflammation associated with age cartilage around the joint surface wears away, joint becomes inflamed, new bones start growing

molars & its functional significance

large and flat biting surface, 4-5 cusps, useful in grinding food materials into smaller pieces

Describe the components (5) of a typical synovial joint and their function.

ligament: dense connective tissue that binds one bone to another, can be within the joint (binding) or outside of/cross the joint (stabilizing) joint cavity: enclosed by articular capsule articular cartilage: covers articular surface, withstand compressive stress articular capsule: outer layer is fibrous layer while inner layer is synovial membrane which secretes fluid which lubricates articular cartilages & provides nutrients reinforcing ligaments: ligaments covering the joint capsule

labial side of teeth

lip side

Describe the joints of the vertebral column as well as their feature.

nucleus pulposus: gelatinous, absorb compressive stress annulus fibrosus: fibrocartilage, maintain shape, provide strength

shoulder dislocation

occurs at the glenohumeral joint

neurovasculature in limbs

one major artery supplies entire limb deep vein is similar to artery nerves have an anterior/posterior division which innervates the muscles occupying the anterior/posterior compartment

hyoid bone & its functional significance

only bone that doesn't directly articular with other bones, suspended by ligaments and muscles in the neck a broken one is commonly associated with strangulation

skeletal muscle

only type under voluntary control, clear striations, multiple nuclei consist of muscle cells, each cell is composed of multiple myofibrils, myofibrils contain multiple sarcomeres only PULL

ankle sprains

partial or complete tear in one or more of these ligaments, lateral are more frequent than deltoid

foramen magnum & its functional significance

passage between cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

posterior gluteal line, anterior gluteal line, and inferior gluteal line & their functional significance

posterior gluteal line: attachment sits for parts of gluteus maximus anterior gluteal line: insertion of gluteus medius inferior gluteal line: marks insertion of gluteus minimus

Describe the normal curvatures of the vertebral column: primary, secondary, kyphosis, lordosis.

primary: born with, dorsally convex (most protruding part of C is facing posterior), includes thoracic and sacral/coccygeal secondary: developed, dorsally concave (most protruding part of C is facing anterior) kyphosis: thoracic curve, curvature that exceeds normal condition lordosis: lumbar curve, curvature exceeds normal condition

herniated disc

prolapsed disc, rupture of the annulus fibrosis or protrusion of nucleus pulposus, most often occurs in lumbar region

function of all stratified epithelium

protection

spiral

ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone common sports fracture

high ankle sprain

rupture of the tibiofibular syndesmosis

joints of the pelvis 2

sacroiliac pubic symphysis

function of simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium

secretion and absorption

Describe the 5 articulations of the shoulder, their anatomical structures and their role in supporting/moving the shoulder.

sternoclavicular joint: joint between sternum and clavicle, synovial joint allowing clavicle to hinge on the sternum arcomioclavicular joint: joint between acromion of the scapula and the distal end of the clavicle subacromial space: not a real joint but the space formed by the acromion and the proximal end of the humerus glenohumeral joint: ball and socket joint between head of humerus and glenwood cavity of the scapula, allows tremendous amount of movement but has little stability scapulothoracic joint: formed by posterior surface of the thorax and anterior surface of the scapula, nothing connecting the bones so it's not a true joint but it allows scapula to slide overtop the thorax

Describe the functions of the bony skeleton and of bone tissue.

support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production, energy storage, energy metabolism

three functional classifications of joints

synarthroses: immovable amphiarthroses: slightly movable diarthroses: freely movable

what cartilaginous joints are synarthroses

synchondrosis

types of cartilaginous joints

synchondrosis: joined by hyaline cartilage, immovable, joint between occipital bone & sphenoid bone symphyses: jointed by fibrocartilage, somewhat movable, found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis

what fibrous joints are amphiarthroses

syndesmosis

Describe the anatomy of the ankle joint.

synovial joint medial/deltoid ligament lateral ligament

knee joint

synovial joint permits flexion/extension and medial/lateral rotation

deciduous teeth

the teeth we were born with, no premolars and only two molars

dorsal

toward the back

adductor tubercle & its functional significance

where adductor magnus muscle attaches

true pelvis vs. false pelvis

- Separated by pelvic brim - True: "lesser" pelvis, inferior to pelvic brim, contains pelvic organs - False: "greater" pelvis, superior to pelvic brim, contains inferior abdominal organs

ectoderm derivative

Most outside layer Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands

scapula & its functional significance

acromion process articulates with acromial end of the clavicle glenoid fossa where head of humerus articulates subscapular fossa which is filled with subscapularis muscle muscles that take origin from supraglenoid tubercle are flexors muscles that take origin from infraglenoid tubercle are extensors suprascapular nerve runs through suprascapular notch neuromuscular bundle goes through suprascapular notch and spinoglenoid notch

Describe the ligaments of the vertebral column as well as their feature. (6)

anterior longitudinal ligament: run along anterior surface of vertebral body, wide and attaches to the bodies and IV discs, stronger, prevents herniated discs, prevents hyperextension posterior longitudinal ligament: runs along posterior surface of vertebral body, narrow and attaches to IV discs, resists hyperflexion ligamentum flavum: connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae, elastic, stretches when we bend backwards and recoils returning to straight position interspinous ligament: in-between vertebral bodies, resists hyperflexion supraspinous ligament: resist hyperflexion, runs along entire length of vertebral column most posterior nuchal ligament: goes from external occipital protuberance to spine of C7, helps hold our head up and prevents hyperflexion

what are the three ligaments that form the ankle lateral ligament

anterior talfibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and the calcaneofibular ligament

upper limb = upper extremity =

arm + forearm + hand shoulder girdle + upper limb

rotation

around the longitudinal axis, along the transverse plane

occipital condyle & its functional significance

articulates with C1 allows nodding

nuchal lines & their functional significance

attachment sites for neck and back muscles

pterygoid process & its functional significance

attachment sites for pterygoid muscles

inferior

away from the head

lateral

away from the midline

distal

away from the point of attachment

deep

away from the surface

Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton.

axial: skull, ribs, vertebrae appendicular: upper and lower limbs

types of epithelial tissue

based of number of layers: simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers) based on shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar (long)

ventral

belly side

premolars & its functional significance

bi-cuspid, oval shaped

greenstick

bone breaks incompletely. only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults

comminuted

bone fragments into three or more pieces particular common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle

compression

bone is crushed common in porous bones

morphological classification: irregular bones

bones that don't fit into other categories like vertebrae or hip bones

morphological classification: sesamoid bones

bones that were formed within a tendon patella and pisiform are the only examples

depressed

broken bone portion is pressed inward typical of skull fracture

function of bursa and tendon sheath

bursa: flattened fibrous sac lined by synovium, cover ligaments, muscles, tendon, contain synovial fluid tendon sheath: elongated bursa which covers a tendon, contains synovial fluid

two classification of joints

by function: amount of movement allowed by structure: materials that bind the bone together, joint cavity

unhappy triad

caused by forced abduction at the knee tear medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, ACL

each neuron possesses

cell body (nucleus), dendrites (receive signals), axons (transmit signals), myelin (coated segments of axons)

primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of cartilage connective tissue

cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes matrix: gel-like fibers: collagen, elastic

primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of liquid connective tissue

cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets matrix: plasma no fibers

primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of fibrous connective tissue

cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells matrix: gel-like ground substance fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic

primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of loose connective tissue

cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells matrix: gel-like ground substance fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic

primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of bone connective tissue

cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes matrix: gel-like fibers: collagen

buccal side of teeth

cheek side

part of the tooth that sticks out of the gum is the ___ the part buried in the gum is the ____ cutting edge/ridge on the surface is the ___

crown root cusps

morphological classification: short bones

cube shaped, occur in wrist and ankle

if skin near the chin or lower lip on infra oral surface needs surgical intervention, a mental nerve block can be performed

distal to the second premolar because of the mental foramen

avascular necrosis

disturbance to blood flow to the femoral head

special movements

elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, pronation/supination, opposition, inversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion

functional and structural characteristics of muscle tissue

elongated cells that are specialized to contract with stimulus, exert force onto other tissues/organs

Describe the two layers of the skin and understand their general location.

epidermis: thick epithelial tissue (first layer of skin, most superficial) dermis: thick layer of fibrous connective tissue (next layer of skin)

epiphyseal

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring

List the four basic tissue types and their basic functions

epithelial tissue (covering) connective tissue (support) muscle tissue (movement) nervous tissue (control)

incisors & its functional significance

flat, blade-like cusp to cut and slice food materials into smaller chunks

gray matter vs. white matter

gray: neuron cell bodies white: myelinated axons both in CNS

humerus & its functional significance

greater tubercle is for insertion of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and theres minor muscles lesser tubercle is for insertion of subscapularis radial groove is where radial nerve runs

optic canal & its functional significance

has optic nerve going through it

Describe how a typical rib attaches to the vertebral column.

head of rib articulates with superior costal facets on thoracic vertebrae, tubercle on rib articulates with transverse costal facets on thoracic vertebrae

cardiac muscle

heart, single nucleus, clear striations

function of neuroglia

help neurons live by providing nutrients, support, insulations

cribriform plate & its functional significance

houses olfactory bulb which shoots olfactory nerves for smell

lacrimal bone & its functional significance

houses the lacrimal sac which collects tears and drains them into the nasal cavity does NOT articulate with nasal bone

Describe the two major types of fascia

hypodermis/superficial fascia: layer of loose connective tissue, more fatty (more deep than dermis) deep fascia: layer of dense connective tissue, more collagen fibers (the deepest)

Describe the anatomy of the hip joints. (3 ligaments)

iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral all attach to the intertrochanteric line

angular movements

increase or decrease the angle between bones (flexion/extension; abduction/adduction)

Describe the various boundaries of the lower extremity (esp. the pelvis) and their clinical significance.

limits include external surface of the ilium starting at the anterior superior iliac spine, running posteriorly along iliac crest to posterior superior iliac spine, then to posterior inferior iliac spine, then along lateral aspect of the sacrum and coccyx to the medial border of the sacrotuberous ligament, then along pubic symphysis to the pubic tubercle, then returning to the start along the inguinal ligament

subtypes of connective tissues

liquid, loose, fibrous, cartilage, and bone

morphological classification: spongy bone

located at the interior of a bone, protected by covering of compact bone, contains mesh-like structure

Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and a typical flat bone.

long bone: Articular cartilage (thin layer that covers both ends of bone), Epiphysis (ends of the bone), Metaphysis (region between epiphyses and diaphyses), Diaphysis (shaft) flat: layers of compact bone on external surface, spongy bones are internal (called diploë)

morphological classification: long bones

longer than they are wide, found in limbs

mandibular foramen and mental foramen & its functional significance

mandibular foramen is where inferior alveolar nerve runs through and it comes out through the mental foramen as mental nerve

what bone articulates with all facial bones

maxilla

Ligaments of the knee joint 4

medial collateral ligament: attach to medial meniscus, prevents abduction lateral collateral ligament: doesn't attach to the lateral meniscus, prevents adduction ACL: medial side of lateral condyle, anterior part of intercondylar eminence, taut during knee extension PCL: posterior part of intercondylar eminence, lateral surface of medial condyle, taut during knee flexion

Describe the arches of the foot and the structures supporting them.

medial: short plantar ligament + spring ligament lateral: long plantar ligament transverse

Define the bony boundaries of the nasal cavity (4), the orbit (7) and the palate (2)

nasal cavity: maxilla, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid orbit: frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid, palatine, maxilla, zygomatic palate: maxilla forms anterior part of the palate, palatine forms posterior part of hard palate

superficial

near the surface

functional and structural characteristics of connective tissue

provide cushion, withstand compression, extracellular matrix = ground substance + fibers characteristics: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, fibrocytes. chondrocytes, osteocytes, lacunae, fibers, ground matrix

external occipital crest & its functional significance

provides attachment site for nuchal ligament

four tendons that the patella is anchored by

proximally: quadriceps tendon medially/laterally: patellar retinaculum distally: patellar ligament

which tendon did the patella develop in

quadriceps tendon

ligaments of the wrist 6

radial collateral ligament: lateral side of the joint ulnar collateral ligament: medial side of the joint palmar radiocarpal ligament: goes from radius to carpal bones on palm side dorsal radiocarpal ligament: goes from radius to carpal bones on non-palmar side radioulnar ligaments: secures distal radioulnar joint anterior transverse carpal ligament/flexor retinaculum: spans across carpal bones, forms carpal tunnel

Describe the sacrum and coccyx and their features

sacrum: 5, fused coccyx: 3-5, fused additional foramina for spinal nerves to pass through, ala articulates with pelvis, narrowing of sacrum allows weight to be distributed to the pelvis

canines & its functional significance

sharp, pointed cusp, used to anchor food

types of muscle tissues

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

morphological classification: wormian bones

small bones located within the sutures of cranial bones

three derivatives of mesoderm

somites (segmented, structures on the sides of the neural tube), intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate

Understand the process in the formation of the body wall.

somites differentiate into myotome (skeletal muscles) and dermatome (dermis). myotome then differentiates into epicure (dorsal to transverse processes) and hypomere (ventral to transverse processes). these spread out during development, spread out and grow ventrally to enclose the body cavity which forms muscular body wall. body wall is officially made of skin, connective tissue, and skeletal muscle layers

functional and structural characteristics of nervous tissue

specialized tissue made up of neurons and neuroglia

what bone articulates with every cranial bone

sphenoid

failure to close the neural tube proprerly

spina bifida, neural tube will develop into the spinal cord and cause malformation of the spinal cord and the structures surrounding it

functions of the bony pelvis

support/transfer of weight protect organs locomotion/movement

what fibrous joints are synarthroses

suture, gomphosis

types of fibrous joints

suture: joint held together with very short interconnecting fibers, bone edges interlock, found only in the skull syndesmosis: held together by a ligament, longer than sutures gomphosis: joint between root of a tooth and socket, held together by periodontal ligament, synarthrosis

what cartilaginous are amphiarthroses

symphysis

3 ligaments of glenohumeral joint

tendon in the bicipital groove is secured by transverse humeral ligament coracoacromial ligament runs from coracoid process to acromion process. helps prevent head of humerus from dislocating in a superior direction glenohumeral ligament

morphological classification: flat bones

thin, flattened bones. include most cranial, sternum, and scapula

what are the four parts of the ankle medial/deltoid ligament

tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, and posterior tibiotalar

posterior

toward the back

cranial

toward the head

superior

toward the head

medial

toward the midline

caudal

toward the tail

tract vs. nerve

tract: bundle of axons in CNS nerve: bundle of axons in PNS

foramen rotumdum and ovale are for branches of the ___ nerve

trigeminal

three major joints in the elbow

trochlea of the humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna, hinge allows elbow flexion and extension capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius, allows radius to follow ulna in elbow extension and flexion head of radius and radial notch on the ulna, proximal ends of radius and ulna

Differentiate true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.

true ribs: first 7 ribs, form direct connections with the sternum through costal cartilages false ribs: do not connect with the sternum, costal cartilages go to the last costal cartilage floating ribs: ribs 11 and 12 because they don't connect with anything

Describe the basic body plan (typical body segment).

tube of epidermis, then dermis vertebral column & neural tube located dorsal, kidneys located ventral to vertebral column digestive tube located ventral

separated shoulder

when acromioclavicular joint can be dislocated

flat feet (pes planus)

when support of ligaments is lost due to excessive stretching

acute compartment syndrome

when there is bleeding in a muscle, this leads to increased pressure within a compartment, often following injury surgical emergency muscle starts to die as a result

intercondylar eminence & its functional significance

where ACL and PCL are inserted

superior orbital fissure & its functional significance

where a lot of eye movement nerves and branches of the trigeminal nerves go through

articular facet for head of fibula & its functional significance

where iliotibial band inserts

tibial tuberosity & its functional significance

where patellar ligament inserts

infraorbital foramen & its functional/clinical significance

where supraorbital nerve runs through

supraorbital foramen & its functional/clinical significance

where supraorbital nerve runs through this is where they will do a supraorbital nerve block if needed

mandibular fossa & its functional significance

where temporal bone articulates with mandible forming the temporomandibular joint which is the most mobile joint in the skull

acetabular labrum & its functional significance

where the ligament of the head of femur connects and provides a blood vessel to supply the head of the femur