BIOL 365 Exam 1
Describe the thoracic vertebrae and their features
12 demifacets (costal facets), facet for tubercle of rib these are for articulation with the ribs
Describe the segments in a typical limb and their features.
4 bony segments, 3 major joints limb girdle (proximal), stylopod (consists of one large bone), zeugopod (consists of two long bones), autopod (distal array of digits)
Describe the lumbar vertebrae and their features
5 smaller transverse processes, accessory process, mammillary process, cup-like configuration of the articular facets because we need more stability
Describe the cervical vertebrae and their features
7 transverse foramen, anterior & posterior transverse tubercle, bifid spinous processes includes atlas and axis vertebral artery passes through transverse foramen
Describe the anatomical position.
Body erect; feet flat, facing forward; eyes facing forward; arms to the side, palms facing forward with thumbs pointing out.
proximal
Closer to the point of attachment
ganglion and nucleus
Ganglion=collection of neurons OUTSIDE the CNS Nucleus=collection of neurons INSIDE the CNS
mesoderm derivates
Middle layer Muscle (smooth, cardiac, skeletal), connective tissue
endoderm derivative
Most inside layer Gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract
4 ligaments of the acromioclavicular joint
acromioclavicular ligament coracoclavicular ligament trapezoid ligament conoid ligament
what functional classification do synovial joints fall under
all of them fall under diarthrosis
hypoglossal canal & its functional significance
allows hypoglossal nerve to pass through
the 3 ligaments of the elbow
annular ligament: ring around the head of the humerus that holds the head of the radius close to the ulna radial collateral ligament: attaches to the lateral side ulnar collateral ligament: attaches to medial side
3 ligaments of the sternoclavicular joint
anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligament interclavicular ligament costoclavicular ligament
styloid process & its functional significance
attachment for muscles and ligaments of the anterior neck and throat
pectineal line & its functional significance
attachment of pectineus muscle
radial tuberosity & its functional significance
attachment site for biceps muscle
ulnar tuberosity & its functional significance
attachment site for brachialis muscle
internal occipital crest & its functional significance
attachment site for falx cerebella which are part of meninges that separates cerebellum into hemispheres
crista galli & its functional significance
attachment site for falx cerebri, part of the meninges
gluteal tuberosity & its functional significance
attachment site for gluteal muscles
mastoid process & its functional significance
attachment site for muscles
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic, systemic, autoimmune, inflammatory disorder no exact cause usually symmetrical, smaller joints are usually affected first inflammation of the synovial membrane can lead to erosion of the adjoining bones, loss of cartilage, bone displacement
types of fibers in connective tissue and functions
collagen fibers (strongest, most common, provide resistance to tension), reticular fibers (covers and supports structure bordering connective tissue), and elastic fibers (make connective tissue stretchier)
functional and structural characteristics of epithelial tissue
covering of body surface, lines body cavities supported by connective tissue characteristics: tissue surface (most superior), epithelial cell layers, basement membrane, connective tissue
List the bones the comprise the cranial skeleton and the facial skeleton.
cranial: frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid facial: nasal bones, lacrimals, zygomatic, inferior nasal conchae, maxilla, palatine, vomer, mandible
skull = cranium =
cranium + mandible skull - mandible
clavicle & its functional significance
deltoid muscle attaches to deltoid tubercle subclavius muscle attaches to subclavian groove trapezoid line is a ligament attachment conoid line is a ligament attachment costal tubercle is a ligament attachment
morphological classification: compact bone
dense bone tissue, solid
function of simple squamous epithelium
diffusion and filtration
Osteochondritis Dissecans
disease of the synovial joint where a segment of the subchondral bone and articular cartilage separates them from the underlying bone, separate segment can sometimes remain afloat in the joint cavity. usually associated with high-activity level school-aged children
internal acoustic meatus & its functional significance
facial nerves and vastibulococchlear nerves pass through this foramen to innervate the middle ear
three structural classifications of joints
fibrous: connected by fibrous tissue cartilaginous: connected by cartilage synovial: has a joint cavity
what layers of skin get damaged in first-degree, second-degree, third-degree, and fourth-degree burns
first: epidermis second: epidermis, part of dermis third: entire epidermis and dermis fourth: burned all the skin to the deep structure
gliding
flat surfaces of two bones slip across one another
foramen spinosum & its functional significance
for middle meningeal artery
ankylosing spondylitis
form of arthritis affecting the spine, fused bones of spinal bones
jugular foramen & its functional significance
formed by temporal and occipital bone, internal jugular vein passes through
foramen lacerum & its functional significance
formed by temporal bone and sphenoid which is normally filled with cartilage
smooth muscle
found in other organs, one nucleus, no striations
anterior
front of the body
Differentiate the major anatomical planes.
frontal (runs left to right); anteroposterior axis sagittal (runs front to back); mediolateral axis transverse (horizontal); longitudinal axis
movements at synovial joints
gliding, angular movements, rotation, special movements
5 ligaments of the pelvis
interpubic ligaments sacroiliac ligaments sacrotuberus ligament sacrospinous ligament iliolumbar ligaments
two types of bones based on how they grow
intramembranous (dermal): skull and clavicle (ossify more quickly) endochondral: rest of body and skull base (ossify more slowly and have growth plates)
hip osteoarthritis
joint inflammation associated with age cartilage around the joint surface wears away, joint becomes inflamed, new bones start growing
molars & its functional significance
large and flat biting surface, 4-5 cusps, useful in grinding food materials into smaller pieces
Describe the components (5) of a typical synovial joint and their function.
ligament: dense connective tissue that binds one bone to another, can be within the joint (binding) or outside of/cross the joint (stabilizing) joint cavity: enclosed by articular capsule articular cartilage: covers articular surface, withstand compressive stress articular capsule: outer layer is fibrous layer while inner layer is synovial membrane which secretes fluid which lubricates articular cartilages & provides nutrients reinforcing ligaments: ligaments covering the joint capsule
labial side of teeth
lip side
Describe the joints of the vertebral column as well as their feature.
nucleus pulposus: gelatinous, absorb compressive stress annulus fibrosus: fibrocartilage, maintain shape, provide strength
shoulder dislocation
occurs at the glenohumeral joint
neurovasculature in limbs
one major artery supplies entire limb deep vein is similar to artery nerves have an anterior/posterior division which innervates the muscles occupying the anterior/posterior compartment
hyoid bone & its functional significance
only bone that doesn't directly articular with other bones, suspended by ligaments and muscles in the neck a broken one is commonly associated with strangulation
skeletal muscle
only type under voluntary control, clear striations, multiple nuclei consist of muscle cells, each cell is composed of multiple myofibrils, myofibrils contain multiple sarcomeres only PULL
ankle sprains
partial or complete tear in one or more of these ligaments, lateral are more frequent than deltoid
foramen magnum & its functional significance
passage between cranial cavity and vertebral cavity
posterior gluteal line, anterior gluteal line, and inferior gluteal line & their functional significance
posterior gluteal line: attachment sits for parts of gluteus maximus anterior gluteal line: insertion of gluteus medius inferior gluteal line: marks insertion of gluteus minimus
Describe the normal curvatures of the vertebral column: primary, secondary, kyphosis, lordosis.
primary: born with, dorsally convex (most protruding part of C is facing posterior), includes thoracic and sacral/coccygeal secondary: developed, dorsally concave (most protruding part of C is facing anterior) kyphosis: thoracic curve, curvature that exceeds normal condition lordosis: lumbar curve, curvature exceeds normal condition
herniated disc
prolapsed disc, rupture of the annulus fibrosis or protrusion of nucleus pulposus, most often occurs in lumbar region
function of all stratified epithelium
protection
spiral
ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone common sports fracture
high ankle sprain
rupture of the tibiofibular syndesmosis
joints of the pelvis 2
sacroiliac pubic symphysis
function of simple cuboidal and columnar epithelium
secretion and absorption
Describe the 5 articulations of the shoulder, their anatomical structures and their role in supporting/moving the shoulder.
sternoclavicular joint: joint between sternum and clavicle, synovial joint allowing clavicle to hinge on the sternum arcomioclavicular joint: joint between acromion of the scapula and the distal end of the clavicle subacromial space: not a real joint but the space formed by the acromion and the proximal end of the humerus glenohumeral joint: ball and socket joint between head of humerus and glenwood cavity of the scapula, allows tremendous amount of movement but has little stability scapulothoracic joint: formed by posterior surface of the thorax and anterior surface of the scapula, nothing connecting the bones so it's not a true joint but it allows scapula to slide overtop the thorax
Describe the functions of the bony skeleton and of bone tissue.
support, movement, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production, energy storage, energy metabolism
three functional classifications of joints
synarthroses: immovable amphiarthroses: slightly movable diarthroses: freely movable
what cartilaginous joints are synarthroses
synchondrosis
types of cartilaginous joints
synchondrosis: joined by hyaline cartilage, immovable, joint between occipital bone & sphenoid bone symphyses: jointed by fibrocartilage, somewhat movable, found in intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
what fibrous joints are amphiarthroses
syndesmosis
Describe the anatomy of the ankle joint.
synovial joint medial/deltoid ligament lateral ligament
knee joint
synovial joint permits flexion/extension and medial/lateral rotation
deciduous teeth
the teeth we were born with, no premolars and only two molars
dorsal
toward the back
adductor tubercle & its functional significance
where adductor magnus muscle attaches
true pelvis vs. false pelvis
- Separated by pelvic brim - True: "lesser" pelvis, inferior to pelvic brim, contains pelvic organs - False: "greater" pelvis, superior to pelvic brim, contains inferior abdominal organs
ectoderm derivative
Most outside layer Central and Peripheral Nervous System, Epidermis, hair, nails, skin glands
scapula & its functional significance
acromion process articulates with acromial end of the clavicle glenoid fossa where head of humerus articulates subscapular fossa which is filled with subscapularis muscle muscles that take origin from supraglenoid tubercle are flexors muscles that take origin from infraglenoid tubercle are extensors suprascapular nerve runs through suprascapular notch neuromuscular bundle goes through suprascapular notch and spinoglenoid notch
Describe the ligaments of the vertebral column as well as their feature. (6)
anterior longitudinal ligament: run along anterior surface of vertebral body, wide and attaches to the bodies and IV discs, stronger, prevents herniated discs, prevents hyperextension posterior longitudinal ligament: runs along posterior surface of vertebral body, narrow and attaches to IV discs, resists hyperflexion ligamentum flavum: connects lamina of adjacent vertebrae, elastic, stretches when we bend backwards and recoils returning to straight position interspinous ligament: in-between vertebral bodies, resists hyperflexion supraspinous ligament: resist hyperflexion, runs along entire length of vertebral column most posterior nuchal ligament: goes from external occipital protuberance to spine of C7, helps hold our head up and prevents hyperflexion
what are the three ligaments that form the ankle lateral ligament
anterior talfibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament, and the calcaneofibular ligament
upper limb = upper extremity =
arm + forearm + hand shoulder girdle + upper limb
rotation
around the longitudinal axis, along the transverse plane
occipital condyle & its functional significance
articulates with C1 allows nodding
nuchal lines & their functional significance
attachment sites for neck and back muscles
pterygoid process & its functional significance
attachment sites for pterygoid muscles
inferior
away from the head
lateral
away from the midline
distal
away from the point of attachment
deep
away from the surface
Explain the difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
axial: skull, ribs, vertebrae appendicular: upper and lower limbs
types of epithelial tissue
based of number of layers: simple (one layer) and stratified (multiple layers) based on shape: squamous (flat), cuboidal (cube), columnar (long)
ventral
belly side
premolars & its functional significance
bi-cuspid, oval shaped
greenstick
bone breaks incompletely. only one side of the shaft breaks, the other side bends common in children, whose bones have relatively more organic matrix and are more flexible than those of adults
comminuted
bone fragments into three or more pieces particular common in the aged, whose bones are more brittle
compression
bone is crushed common in porous bones
morphological classification: irregular bones
bones that don't fit into other categories like vertebrae or hip bones
morphological classification: sesamoid bones
bones that were formed within a tendon patella and pisiform are the only examples
depressed
broken bone portion is pressed inward typical of skull fracture
function of bursa and tendon sheath
bursa: flattened fibrous sac lined by synovium, cover ligaments, muscles, tendon, contain synovial fluid tendon sheath: elongated bursa which covers a tendon, contains synovial fluid
two classification of joints
by function: amount of movement allowed by structure: materials that bind the bone together, joint cavity
unhappy triad
caused by forced abduction at the knee tear medial collateral ligament, medial meniscus, ACL
each neuron possesses
cell body (nucleus), dendrites (receive signals), axons (transmit signals), myelin (coated segments of axons)
primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of cartilage connective tissue
cells: chondroblasts, chondrocytes matrix: gel-like fibers: collagen, elastic
primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of liquid connective tissue
cells: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets matrix: plasma no fibers
primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of fibrous connective tissue
cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells matrix: gel-like ground substance fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic
primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of loose connective tissue
cells: fibroblasts, fibrocytes, defense cells, fat cells matrix: gel-like ground substance fibers: collagen, reticular, elastic
primary cell types, matrix, and composition of fibers of bone connective tissue
cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes matrix: gel-like fibers: collagen
buccal side of teeth
cheek side
part of the tooth that sticks out of the gum is the ___ the part buried in the gum is the ____ cutting edge/ridge on the surface is the ___
crown root cusps
morphological classification: short bones
cube shaped, occur in wrist and ankle
if skin near the chin or lower lip on infra oral surface needs surgical intervention, a mental nerve block can be performed
distal to the second premolar because of the mental foramen
avascular necrosis
disturbance to blood flow to the femoral head
special movements
elevation/depression, protraction/retraction, pronation/supination, opposition, inversion/eversion, dorsiflexion/plantarflexion
functional and structural characteristics of muscle tissue
elongated cells that are specialized to contract with stimulus, exert force onto other tissues/organs
Describe the two layers of the skin and understand their general location.
epidermis: thick epithelial tissue (first layer of skin, most superficial) dermis: thick layer of fibrous connective tissue (next layer of skin)
epiphyseal
epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate tends to occur where cartilage cells are dying and calcification of the matrix is occurring
List the four basic tissue types and their basic functions
epithelial tissue (covering) connective tissue (support) muscle tissue (movement) nervous tissue (control)
incisors & its functional significance
flat, blade-like cusp to cut and slice food materials into smaller chunks
gray matter vs. white matter
gray: neuron cell bodies white: myelinated axons both in CNS
humerus & its functional significance
greater tubercle is for insertion of supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and theres minor muscles lesser tubercle is for insertion of subscapularis radial groove is where radial nerve runs
optic canal & its functional significance
has optic nerve going through it
Describe how a typical rib attaches to the vertebral column.
head of rib articulates with superior costal facets on thoracic vertebrae, tubercle on rib articulates with transverse costal facets on thoracic vertebrae
cardiac muscle
heart, single nucleus, clear striations
function of neuroglia
help neurons live by providing nutrients, support, insulations
cribriform plate & its functional significance
houses olfactory bulb which shoots olfactory nerves for smell
lacrimal bone & its functional significance
houses the lacrimal sac which collects tears and drains them into the nasal cavity does NOT articulate with nasal bone
Describe the two major types of fascia
hypodermis/superficial fascia: layer of loose connective tissue, more fatty (more deep than dermis) deep fascia: layer of dense connective tissue, more collagen fibers (the deepest)
Describe the anatomy of the hip joints. (3 ligaments)
iliofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral all attach to the intertrochanteric line
angular movements
increase or decrease the angle between bones (flexion/extension; abduction/adduction)
Describe the various boundaries of the lower extremity (esp. the pelvis) and their clinical significance.
limits include external surface of the ilium starting at the anterior superior iliac spine, running posteriorly along iliac crest to posterior superior iliac spine, then to posterior inferior iliac spine, then along lateral aspect of the sacrum and coccyx to the medial border of the sacrotuberous ligament, then along pubic symphysis to the pubic tubercle, then returning to the start along the inguinal ligament
subtypes of connective tissues
liquid, loose, fibrous, cartilage, and bone
morphological classification: spongy bone
located at the interior of a bone, protected by covering of compact bone, contains mesh-like structure
Describe the gross anatomy of a typical long bone and a typical flat bone.
long bone: Articular cartilage (thin layer that covers both ends of bone), Epiphysis (ends of the bone), Metaphysis (region between epiphyses and diaphyses), Diaphysis (shaft) flat: layers of compact bone on external surface, spongy bones are internal (called diploë)
morphological classification: long bones
longer than they are wide, found in limbs
mandibular foramen and mental foramen & its functional significance
mandibular foramen is where inferior alveolar nerve runs through and it comes out through the mental foramen as mental nerve
what bone articulates with all facial bones
maxilla
Ligaments of the knee joint 4
medial collateral ligament: attach to medial meniscus, prevents abduction lateral collateral ligament: doesn't attach to the lateral meniscus, prevents adduction ACL: medial side of lateral condyle, anterior part of intercondylar eminence, taut during knee extension PCL: posterior part of intercondylar eminence, lateral surface of medial condyle, taut during knee flexion
Describe the arches of the foot and the structures supporting them.
medial: short plantar ligament + spring ligament lateral: long plantar ligament transverse
Define the bony boundaries of the nasal cavity (4), the orbit (7) and the palate (2)
nasal cavity: maxilla, ethmoid, palatine, sphenoid orbit: frontal, ethmoid, lacrimal, sphenoid, palatine, maxilla, zygomatic palate: maxilla forms anterior part of the palate, palatine forms posterior part of hard palate
superficial
near the surface
functional and structural characteristics of connective tissue
provide cushion, withstand compression, extracellular matrix = ground substance + fibers characteristics: fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, fibrocytes. chondrocytes, osteocytes, lacunae, fibers, ground matrix
external occipital crest & its functional significance
provides attachment site for nuchal ligament
four tendons that the patella is anchored by
proximally: quadriceps tendon medially/laterally: patellar retinaculum distally: patellar ligament
which tendon did the patella develop in
quadriceps tendon
ligaments of the wrist 6
radial collateral ligament: lateral side of the joint ulnar collateral ligament: medial side of the joint palmar radiocarpal ligament: goes from radius to carpal bones on palm side dorsal radiocarpal ligament: goes from radius to carpal bones on non-palmar side radioulnar ligaments: secures distal radioulnar joint anterior transverse carpal ligament/flexor retinaculum: spans across carpal bones, forms carpal tunnel
Describe the sacrum and coccyx and their features
sacrum: 5, fused coccyx: 3-5, fused additional foramina for spinal nerves to pass through, ala articulates with pelvis, narrowing of sacrum allows weight to be distributed to the pelvis
canines & its functional significance
sharp, pointed cusp, used to anchor food
types of muscle tissues
skeletal, cardiac, smooth
morphological classification: wormian bones
small bones located within the sutures of cranial bones
three derivatives of mesoderm
somites (segmented, structures on the sides of the neural tube), intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate
Understand the process in the formation of the body wall.
somites differentiate into myotome (skeletal muscles) and dermatome (dermis). myotome then differentiates into epicure (dorsal to transverse processes) and hypomere (ventral to transverse processes). these spread out during development, spread out and grow ventrally to enclose the body cavity which forms muscular body wall. body wall is officially made of skin, connective tissue, and skeletal muscle layers
functional and structural characteristics of nervous tissue
specialized tissue made up of neurons and neuroglia
what bone articulates with every cranial bone
sphenoid
failure to close the neural tube proprerly
spina bifida, neural tube will develop into the spinal cord and cause malformation of the spinal cord and the structures surrounding it
functions of the bony pelvis
support/transfer of weight protect organs locomotion/movement
what fibrous joints are synarthroses
suture, gomphosis
types of fibrous joints
suture: joint held together with very short interconnecting fibers, bone edges interlock, found only in the skull syndesmosis: held together by a ligament, longer than sutures gomphosis: joint between root of a tooth and socket, held together by periodontal ligament, synarthrosis
what cartilaginous are amphiarthroses
symphysis
3 ligaments of glenohumeral joint
tendon in the bicipital groove is secured by transverse humeral ligament coracoacromial ligament runs from coracoid process to acromion process. helps prevent head of humerus from dislocating in a superior direction glenohumeral ligament
morphological classification: flat bones
thin, flattened bones. include most cranial, sternum, and scapula
what are the four parts of the ankle medial/deltoid ligament
tibionavicular, tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibiotalar, and posterior tibiotalar
posterior
toward the back
cranial
toward the head
superior
toward the head
medial
toward the midline
caudal
toward the tail
tract vs. nerve
tract: bundle of axons in CNS nerve: bundle of axons in PNS
foramen rotumdum and ovale are for branches of the ___ nerve
trigeminal
three major joints in the elbow
trochlea of the humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna, hinge allows elbow flexion and extension capitulum of the humerus and head of the radius, allows radius to follow ulna in elbow extension and flexion head of radius and radial notch on the ulna, proximal ends of radius and ulna
Differentiate true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs.
true ribs: first 7 ribs, form direct connections with the sternum through costal cartilages false ribs: do not connect with the sternum, costal cartilages go to the last costal cartilage floating ribs: ribs 11 and 12 because they don't connect with anything
Describe the basic body plan (typical body segment).
tube of epidermis, then dermis vertebral column & neural tube located dorsal, kidneys located ventral to vertebral column digestive tube located ventral
separated shoulder
when acromioclavicular joint can be dislocated
flat feet (pes planus)
when support of ligaments is lost due to excessive stretching
acute compartment syndrome
when there is bleeding in a muscle, this leads to increased pressure within a compartment, often following injury surgical emergency muscle starts to die as a result
intercondylar eminence & its functional significance
where ACL and PCL are inserted
superior orbital fissure & its functional significance
where a lot of eye movement nerves and branches of the trigeminal nerves go through
articular facet for head of fibula & its functional significance
where iliotibial band inserts
tibial tuberosity & its functional significance
where patellar ligament inserts
infraorbital foramen & its functional/clinical significance
where supraorbital nerve runs through
supraorbital foramen & its functional/clinical significance
where supraorbital nerve runs through this is where they will do a supraorbital nerve block if needed
mandibular fossa & its functional significance
where temporal bone articulates with mandible forming the temporomandibular joint which is the most mobile joint in the skull
acetabular labrum & its functional significance
where the ligament of the head of femur connects and provides a blood vessel to supply the head of the femur