Biology 1102 Final Practice
In which one of the following ways does a proto-oncogene differ from an oncogene?
Proto-oncogenes control normal cell division; oncogenes contribute to the development of cancer.
Which one of the following establishes and maintains the resting potential?
Sodium Potassium Pump
The ovaries of women function as endocrine organs by producing:
Estrogen and Progesterone
In order for all hormones to cause a response, they must first bind to an appropriate receptor on the target cell's membrane.
False
In 1921, a woman was attempting to bake some bread for a neighbor. The dough failed to rise. Her doctors may have proposed which of the following explanations?
She must have been releasing menotoxins that stopped yeast from growing, and therefore stopped the bread from rising. She must have been menstruating
In Biology, form meets function. Which of the following organs in the digestive system would you expect to have numerous folds and projections that increase its surface area (think about how having increased surface area would be advantageous)?
Small Intestine
Researchers at Northwestern University were able to rewire a monkey's brain by installing a computer chip. The significance of this research is that:
This method could help reestablish lost connections between different motor areas in our brain.
To penetrate the zona pellucida of the ovum, the sperm:
Releases digestive enzymes from the acrosomal cap.
The testes of men function as endocrine organs by producing:
Testosterone
Typically, one oocyte is released during each cycle. However, if two oocytes are released and fertilized, ______________ may arise.
Fraternal Twins
Damage to which of the following organs might have the biggest impact on your ability to break down fats?
Gallbladder
A person who suffers from diabetes insipidus, the symptoms of which include dehydration and excessive urination, has _______secretion of the _________ hormone.
Hypo, ADH
The process by which the blastocyst becomes buried within the endometrial lining of the uterus is called:
Implantation
During puberty, the secretion of GnRH causes the secretion of ________, which in turn stimulate(s) the production of sex hormones:
LH and FSH
During male ejaculation, the internal urethral sphincter closes tightly to:
Prevent urine from leaking into the urethra.
Information coming into the central nervous system arrives via _____ while information going from the central nervous system to the muscles, glands, and organs travels via ______.
Sensory Neurons/Motor Neurons
Tumor suppressor genes function to:
Slow down unchecked cell growth, differentiation, division, or adhesion.
Hormones act upon specific target cells because:
Target cells display the appropriate receptor for a particular hormone.
The nervous system has certain characteristics that set it apart from the endocrine system. Which one of the following characteristics is typical of the endocrine system, but NOT the nervous system?
The agents of communication are always in the form of a chemical.
Why does it take awhile to calm down after experiencing stress/panic?
The hormones that have been coursing through your body first have to stop being released, and then your body has to break them down.
Ectopic pregnancies are dangerous for the mother because:
The oviduct is not capable of housing a growing fetus.
In which one of the following ways are antiangiogenic drugs used in the treatment of cancer?
These drugs stop the growth of blood vessels into the tumor, so the cells "starve" to death.
Which one of the following carcinogens accounts for 30% of all cancer deaths?
Tobacco Smoke
The chance that an individual in the United States will experience some form of cancer in his or her lifetime is:
1 in 3
At which one of the following days in the 28-day cycle is a woman MOST likely to get pregnant?
14
Consider a red blood cell traveling in the renal artery. It passes through several different functional vessels before entering the renal vein. Consider the vessels listed below. Which one of the following answers lists the CORRECT order in which the red blood cell passes through these vessels? 1 - peritubular capillaries 2 - efferent arteriole 3 - afferent arteriole 4 - glomerulus 5 - renal vein
3, 4, 2, 1, 5
During intercourse with one sexual partner, approximately ________ sperm enter a woman's vagina.
300 Million
Fallopian Tube
A
By which one of the following methods is a stronger stimulus coded by neurons differently from a weaker stimulus?
A stronger stimulus results in more action potentials/unit time.
This is the most common type of cancer:
Carcinoma
The hormone ADH:
Causes the cells of the collecting duct to be more permeable to (absorb more) water.
The robot used in prostate surgery is named after:
DaVinci
The placenta forms from embryonic tissue and:
Endometrium
What is the The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis?
It is an example of a hormone cascade whereby hormones affect the release of other hormones, which in turn affect the release of other hormones. It is known as the "fight or flight" response.
The researcher credited with describing angiogenesis is:
Judah Folkman
What is the deadliest type of cancer?
Lung
Nerve cells communicate with one another at a junction called a:
Synapse
Why is taking the first breath hard work for the newborn?
The diaphragm is inflexible.
Identical twins may arise from:
The early embryo splits into two identical balls of cells.
A child who has Angelman's Syndrome has severe intellectual and developmental disabilities, along with a characteristically happy and jovial demeanor. This disease results from:
A deletion on chromosome 15 inherited from the mother/genomic imprinting. Where the paternal chromosome 15 is silenced.
Nonsteroid hormones differ from steroid hormones in that they:
Bind to a receptor on the outer surface.
Progesterone:
Causes the endometrium to thicken in preparation for implantation
Which of the following accurately describes the effects of cocaine on the brain's reward center?
Cocaine blocks the reuptake pumps which act to remove dopamine from the synapse.
During the first day or so after birth, the breasts produce a watery milk called:
Colostrum
Which one of the following structures degenerates if a fertilized egg does not embed in the uterus?
Corpus Luteum
Which one of the following letters in the figure above represents the structure that secretes estrogen and progesterone, which in turn prepare the endometrium to receive a fertilized egg?
D
Most addictive drugs impact the release of which neurotransmitter in the brain's pleasure center?
Dopamine
Insufficient production of growth hormone by the anterior pituitary may result in:
Dwarfism
Prostate Gland
E
Which of the following happens during the cleavage stage of embryonic development?
Every cell produced is identical to every other cell in that no differentiation has taken place.
The kidneys function to maintain homeostasis in all of the following ways EXCEPT which one?
Exchanging blood gases.
According to one of the videos you watched this week, the Nervous System is to gmail as the Endocrine System is to:
The development of an embryo involves four processes. During which process do cells increase in number and size?
Growth
Mesoderm gives rise to:
Muscle and connective tissues.
Shortly before the midpoint of the menstrual cycle, estrogen from the mature follicle triggers a surge in LH, which stimulates which one of the following events?
Ovulation
A placental abruption is a condition in which the placenta separates from the uterine wall. If this occurs, what processes are likely to be affected?
Oxygen and nutrient exchange between baby and mother.
Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that specifically targets:
Protein
Which organ system is not functional until birth and must become fully functional immediately?
Respiratory System
A neuron at rest has a charge difference across its cell membrane, with the interior of the cell negative relative to the exterior. This difference in charge across the plasma membrane is referred to as ________ potential.
Resting
What event at the axon terminals is stimulated by the action potential?
The release of a neurotransmitter into the synapse.
When oxytocin is released during childbirth, the hormone targets cells in the:
Uterus
The process by which growing tumors stimulate the growth of new blood vessels is called:
Angiogenesis
When does the pancreas stop secreting insulin?
C
When a cancer remains in one location, it is referred to as:
In Situ Cancer
When blood sugar is high after a meal, there should be a release of ________ .
Insulin
Bile is produced by the ________ and stored in the ________.
Liver, Gallbladder
Cancers that metastasize and invade normal tissues to impede their functions are called
Malignant Tumors
The layer of the GI tract wall that is responsible for motility is the:
Muscularis
Fertilization occurs when:
The sperm's 23 chromosomes join with the egg's 23 chromosomes.
The ______ will eventually develop into the embryo.
Inner Cell Mass
Which structure is C?
Axon Hillock
The development of an embryo involves four processes. During which process do cells divide rapidly, resulting in a ball of unspecialized cells?
Cleavage
Which one of the following activities would be facilitated by the sympathetic nervous system?
Increased blood pressure.
How does the iKnife work?
It "sniffs out" cancer cells, allowing doctors to be more exact when removing cancerous tumors. It analyzes the smoke created by the electrosurgical knives surgeons use to cut and cauterize blood vessels
Which one of the following types of cancer kills the highest percentage of people diagnosed with the condition?
Lung
Tumors of this type continue to spread throughout the body, causing damage to several different organ systems; death often results.
Malignant Tumor
Cancers that metastasize and invade normal tissues to impede their functions are called:
Malignant Tumors
The first four days of human embryonic development occur in the:
Oviduct
Which one of the following divisions of the nervous system predominates during the relaxed state?
Parasympathetic Division
The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is:
Perstalisis
Oncogenes are derived from:
Proto-Oncongenes
Which one of the following hormones would be tested for in a home pregnancy test?
hCG
A tumor growing on the ____________ pituitary gland may result in a person growing to extreme heights, in excess of 7 feet tall!
Anterior
Once cleavage has generated enough cells, some cells find themselves in the middle, and some are on the outside. This is significant for cell differentiation because:
Cells with a free surface activate specific genes. Cells with a free surface develop into the trophectoderm. Having a free surface causes some cells to become the embryo's first differentiated cells.
In an attempt to get organized after final exams, you clean out your apartment. While doing so, you take everything out of your desk drawer, get rid of things you don't need, and only put a few necessary items (about 1%) back in the drawer. This is analogous to what your ___________ does in the body.
Kidney
Living in a desert environment means that you must be able to efficiently conserve water. Which of the following organs is responsible for conserving water?
Kidneys
When a sperm cell enters a secondary oocyte, what event in the oocyte is immediately triggered?
Meiosis II
Which one of the following cells transmit impulses away from the central nervous system to the muscles and other organs?
Motor Neurons
Damage to ________ greatly reduces a cell's ability to repair DNA during DNA replication.
Mutator Genes
The development of an embryo involves four processes. During which process do cells take on a certain structure and function?
Differentiation
According to the article you read on the origin of cancer:
Early multicellular animals had most of the genes that can cause cancer in humans.
Bile assists in the chemical digestion of triglycerides by:
Emulsifying large fat droplets into tiny ones, providing more surface area for enzymes.
A man driving through his neighborhood suddenly jams on his car brakes to avoid hitting a child who runs into the road after a ball. A few seconds later, the driver finds that he is shaking and his heart is pounding. This is primarily due to the secretion of which one of the following?
Epinephrine from the adrenal medulla.
FSH is a hormone important to the proper functioning of the ovaries and testes. This hormone will not be released from the anterior pituitary until ________ is released from the hypothalamus.
GnRH
The development of a cancerous condition in immature white blood cells located in bone marrow is called:
Leukemia
When you close your eyes at night, the pineal gland gives off __________, a hormone that allows us to manage our circadian rhythm.
Melatonin
The process by which an embryo undergoes rapid changes in form and shape is called:
Morphogenesis
The region where 65-70% of the water in the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed into the blood is:
Proximal Tubule
Steroid hormones bind to receptors in the nucleus to activate or deactivate genes.
True
