Biology 14
Phytochromes
A class of light receptors in plants. Mostly absorbing red light, these photo receptors regulate many plant responses, including seed germination and shade avoidance.
Incomplete flower
A flower in which one or more of the four basic floral organs such as sepals, petals, stamens, or carpels are either absent or nonfunctional.
A complete flower
A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
Complete flower
A flower that has all four basic floral organs: sepals, petals, stamens, and carpels.
vegetative reproduction
A form of asexual reproduction in which offspring grow from a part of a parent plant
Tropism
A growth response of a plant toward or away from a stimulus
Gravitropism
A growth response to gravity
Phototropism
A growth response to light
Thigmotropism
A growth response to touch
The chemical that Went discovered is?
A hormone
Double fertilization
A mechanism of fertilization in angiosperms, in which two sperm cells unite with two cells in the embryo sac to form the zygote and endosperm.
Dormancy
A period when an organism's growth or activity stops
Photoperiodism
A plant's response to seasonal changes in length of night and day
transpiration-cohesion theory
A possible explanation for water movement in a plant; as water is released from the leaves, additional water molecules must enter the roots
Micropyle
A small gap between the integuments that forms an opening into the ovule.
Nectar
A sweet fluid secreted at the bases of the petals
Pollen tube
A tube that forms after germination of the pollen grain and that functions in the delivery of sperm to the ovule.
Hormone
Any chemical produced by on e area of an organisms and transported to another part where it causes a response.
Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
Tissue culturing
Can produce hundreds of genetically identical plants
Fritz W. Went
Discovered the chemical auxin that caused elongation in plants.
Active transport
Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Transpiration
Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
Composite flower
Flower that is made of many, tiny flowers
Photosynthesis
For each molecule of glucose made by plants, six or more molecules of water must be broken down into hydrogen ions and electrons, which are necessary for photosynthesis.
All of the following factors help move water up a plant except?
Hydrolysis
Abscisic acid
Inhibits cell growth, helps close stomata
Integuments
Layers of sporophyte tissues that contribute to the structure of an ovule of a seed plant.
Sepals
Leaflike parts that cover and protect the flower bud
Thigmonastic movements
Nastic movements that occur in response to touching a plant
Proper oxygen
Oxygen is necessary for normal cellular respiration. The embryonic plant also needs oxygen to use the food stored in the endosperm and cotyledons.
What are the accessory flower parts?
Pedicel Receptacle Sepals Petals
What are the 6 basic flower parts?
Pedicel, Receptacle, Sepals, Petals, Stamen, and Carpel.
Plants use water for what several purposes?
Photosynthesis Turgor Pressure Hydrolysis Circulation
Phytochromes are
Pigments that control a plant's response to light and dark
Auxins
Plant hormones that lead to phototropism by elongating the dark side of the plant
Hydrolysis
Plants often break large organic molecules apart by combining them with water molecules. Complex organic molecules can be broken into simple monomers by hydrolysis reactions.
Short-day plants
Plants that flower when the period of light is less than 12 hours
Long-day plants
Plants that flower when the period of light is longer than 12 hours
Insectivorous plants
Plants that have leaves designed to catch and digest insects.
Day-neutral plants
Plants whose flowering cycle is not sensitive to periods of light and dark
Ethylene
Produced by fruit and stimulates ripening.
What are the 3 requirements for a seed to germinate?
Proper moisture, temperature, oxygen
Endosperm
Provides food for the embryonic plant while in the seed and when first sprouting.
Nyctinastic movements
Responses to the daily cycle of light and dark
Proper moisture
Seeds need moisture to initiate the germination process.
Proper temperature
Seeds require certain temperatures for the germination process to begin.
Budding
Similar to grafting, but rather than using a stem, a bud with a sliver of bark is places under a slit in the bark of the stock.
Pedicel
Stalk that supports the flower
Totipotent
Stem cells with the potential to differentiate into any type of cell.
Cytokinins
Stimulate cell division in plants and promote lateral bud growth.
Gibberellins
Stimulates both cell division and cell elongation in leaves and stems.
Turgor Pressure
The abundant presence of water in the cells stiffens the herbaceous parts of plants. The water is is contained in the central vacuole of the plant cell. As the central vacuole fills with water, it exerts outward pressure against the rigid cell wall.
Germination
The beginning of the growth of an embryonic plant within a seed
Heliotropism
The directional growth of a plant in response to sunlight
Guttation
The exudation of water droplets, caused by root pressure in certain plants.
Carpel
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
carpel
The female reproductive organ of a flower, consisting of the stigma, style, and ovary.
Sap
The fluid carried in xylem and phloem vessels
Stamen
The male reproductive organ of a flower
Translocation
The movement of carbohydrates throughout the plant.
Circulation
The organic molecules and minerals that a plant needs for metabolism and growth must be dissolved in water to be moved form one area of the plant to another.
Plantlets
The parent plant forms small complete plants on special stems or leaves that can grow independently.
hypocotyl
The part of a plant embryo directly below the cotyledons, forming a connection with the radicle.
Critical dark period
The period of uninterrupted darkness that is required for a plant to flower
Turgor pressure
The presence of water inside a plant cell in sufficient quantity to give the cell stiffness.
Grafting
The process in which a stem, called the scion, is cut off from one plant and placed in contact with the stem of a rooted plant called the stock.
Pollination
The process whereby pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma.
Nastic movements
The result of the loss or gain of turgor pressure in certain cells.
If a plant is grown in an overferttilized area, what will most likely happen?
The roots will die as the cells undergo plasmolysis.
Style
The stalk of a flower's carpel, with the ovary at the base and the stigma at the top.
Layering
The stem of a parent plant is usually bent over and buried in moist soil
Root pressure
The upward push of water within the style of vascular plants, caused by active pumping of minerals into the xylem by root cells
What is true of plant hormones?
They regulate the growth of plants. They include auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid, They are chemicals produced in one area of the plant and transported to another area. They control a plant's response to environmental conditions.
A package of plant fertilizer contains the numbers 10-20-15. What do these numbers mean?
They show the percentages of nitrogen,phosphorus, and potassium in the fertilizer.
The release of water through the stomata of a leaf is called
Transpiration
Stem cutting
Usually a section of a stem that is placed in water or in moist sand, soil, or similar medium.
Examples of insectivorous plants
Venus flytrap, sundew, butterwort, pitcher plants, bladderwort
Sources
Where carbohydrates are stored or manufactured.
Sinks
Where carbohydrates are used or stored.
Leaf cutting
a cutting made from a leaf without a petiole
Which is most likely to inhibit the flow of water through a plant?
a decrease in the concentration of minerals in the soil
Etiolated
a plant that does not receive adequate light
Plants absorb minerals by?
active transport
The sac that bears the pollen grains is the
anther
Vegetative reproduction cultivates plants that
are clones of the parent
Petals
are just the inside of the sepals
5 major groups of hormones
auxins, gibberellins, cytokinins, ethylene, and abscisic acid.
Phosphorous
dark green to purplish leaves; stunted growth Functions: formation of ATP, nucleic acids, some fats, coenzymes
What plants will flower even when the critical dark period is interrupted?
day-neutral
Magnesium
death of leaves from the stem up Functions: chlorophyll, needed for some enzyme actions
Epycotyl
develops into first leaf
Calcium
disintegration of young shoots and root tips Functions: cell walls, aids in regulation of the uptake of other elements
Radicle
embryonic root
3 parts of a seed
embyronic plant, stored food, and a seed coat
This hormone is used by fruit growers to quickly ripen fruit for sale.
ethylene
A plant that does not receive adequate light and becomes pale, long, and spindly is said to be
etiolated
T/F Insectivorous plants eat insects in order to obtain energy.
false
Which of the following methods will help replenish minerals in the soil?
fertilizer crop rotation mulch
A mature ovary is called a?
fruit
Iron
gradual yellowing of leaves between small veins, then between larger veins Functions: chlorophyll formation, part of many enzymes
In this process, a stem from one plant is attached to the stem of another plant, and they are allowed to grow together.
grafting
Many botanists refer to plant hormone as ?
growth regulators
Nitrogen
light green to yellowish lower leaves; little growth Functions: production of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, chlorophyll, coenzymes
Pressure-flow model
model for predicting how sugars are transported from photosynthetic tissue to the rest of a plant
The opening and closing of the morning glory and the rapid closure of a venus flytrap leaf are example of ?
nastic movements
The growth of roots into the soil is an example of
negative phototropism
The stalk that supports the flower is the
pedicel
Chemotropism
plant growth in response to a chemical
Halophytes
plants that live in highly saline (salty) soil
Once a pollen grain lands on the stigma, a(n)__________ is produced that grows down the style and into the ovary.
pollen tube
Which is not necessary for most seeds to germinate?
proper amount of light
Hydrotopism
response to water
Natural vegetative reproduction
sometimes results because a portion of a plant forms the structures to make another complete plant.
The female reproductive structures are the
stigma, style , and ovary
Another name for a seed coat is?
testa
Capillarity
the attraction between molecules that results in the rise of a liquid in small tubes
Receptacle
the enlarged end of the pedicel that bears the remainder of the flower parts
Anther
the part of a stamen that contains the pollen.
A growth response to touch is called a
thigmotropism
Using special culturing media, scientists can force totipotent cell to differentiate into all the tissues needed for an entire plant. What is this process called?
tissue culturing
The movement of sugars through a plant is called?
translocation
What factors help move water up a plant?
transpiration root pressure cohesion
T/F A period of inactivity in plants is called dormancy.
true
T/F Farmers sometimes use vegetative reproduction to produce plants that mature sooner than seedlings.
true
T/F Hydrotropism is not actually a tropism.
true
T/F Plants need water for photosynthesis, hydrolysis, and circulation.
true
T/F Seeds consist of an embryonic plant, stored food, and a seed coat.
true
T/F White potatoes can reproduce vegetatively by underground stems.
true
The presence of water inside a cell that gives cell the stiffness is?
turgor pressure
Stigma
uppermost tip of the carpel, when mature has a sticky substance on it to receive the pollen
Permanent wilting
when a plant wilts, but cannot recover when placed in a saturated atmosphere
Hilum
where the seed was attached to the ovary wall
Sulfur
yellowing of young leaves Functions: some proteins, amino acids, coezymes
Potassium
yellowish leaves, turning brown at the margin; weak stems Functions: protein synthesis, cell membranes, nucleic acids