Biology 1500 All Tests
Whereas the secondary structure of a protein is maintained by interactions between the ____________ of the amino acids, the tertiary structure is caused by interactions between the _____________
backbones, R groups
In what way do both plants and animals use the oxygen released by a plant? A) for kinetic energy B) for cellular respiration C) for photosynthesis D) all of the options listed here are correct
B) for cellular respiration
Mutations in genes happen: A) whenever natural selection is operating B) all the time C) when the population is in danger of going extinct D) when the organism needs them
B) all the time
Which of the following could be the outcome of hydrolysis? A) A nucleic acid is broken into individual nucleotides. B) A carbohydrate is converted to a protein. C) A cell bursts as a result of excessive influx of water. D) Two molecules of protein form a bond with each other. E) A lipid is altered in a way that allows it to dissolve in water.
A) A nucleic acid is broken into individual nucleotides.
The diagram below depicts: See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Test%204%20figures%20(1).pdf A) a polypeptide B) an amino acid C) a nucleic acid D) a peptide bond E) a molecule of hemoglobin
B) an amino acid
One strategy for treating Covid-19 might be to develop a drug that blocks the ACE2 receptors. How might such a drug benefit Covid patients? A) By reducing the probability of the virus entering additional cells B) By alerting the host's immune system to the presence of the virus. C) By preventing the virus from making its own proteins D) By preventing the new virions from leaving the cells
A) By reducing the probability of the virus entering additional cells
A change in the amino acid sequence of a protein can change the ability of the protein to function correctly. Why? A) Changing the amino acid sequence may change the 3D shape of the protein B) Changing the sequence of amino acids can convert an amino group into a carboxyl group. C) The function of a protein is determined by how many amino acids of each type are present in the protein D) The amino acid sequence determines whether peptide bonds can form between amino acids.
A) Changing the amino acid sequence may change the 3D shape of the protein
In a population of grasshoppers, a common cause of death is being eaten by birds. Grasshoppers with longer legs are able to jump farther and therefore escape from predatory birds. Over many generations, the average leg-length of the grasshoppers increases. Which of the following statements provides the best explanation for this change? A) Individual grasshoppers with longer legs survived better than those with shorter legs. B) The grasshoppers needed to have longer legs, so natural selection gave it to them. C) The large number of predatory birds caused a mutation in the grasshoppers that gave them longer legs. D) Generation after generation, grasshoppers grew longer legs than their own parents had.
A) Individual grasshoppers with longer legs survived better than those with shorter legs.
How does the air we breathe (i.e. atmosphere around us) and the atmosphere in our lungs compare to each other? A) Inside of our lungs the partial pressure of O2 is lower and of CO2 is higher than around us. B) Inside of our lungs, the partial pressures of O2 and CO2 are both lower than around us. C) The overall pressure inside of our lungs is higher than the atmospheric pressure around us, as we compress the air during inhalation D) Inside of the lungs, partial pressure of O2 is higher and of CO2 is lower.
A) Inside of our lungs the partial pressure of O2 is lower and of CO2 is higher than around us.
Are mice more closely related to cavies/nutria or to chipmunks? See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Figures_2.pdf A) Mice are more closely related to cavies/nutria. B) Mice are equally related to chipmunks and porcupines. C) Mice are more closely related to chipmunks.
A) Mice are more closely related to cavies/nutria.
As new vaccines move through the clinical phases (e.g. phase I to phase II to phase III), which of the following changes are made to the trial protocol? A) More and more people are added to the vaccine trial as it moves through the phases. B) The dosage of the vaccine is doubled for phase II and then tripled for phase III. C) Phase I uses rats, phase II uses monkeys, and phase III uses humans to assess the effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. D) The minimum standards of vaccine effectiveness increase at each phase, e,g, it can move from phase I to phase II if it is 30% effective, but it must be 70% effective to move from phase II to phase III.
A) More and more people are added to the vaccine trial as it moves through the phases.
Which of the following statements best describes the role of birds in influencing dragonfly size? A) Once birds evolved, dragonflies were limited to smaller sizes, because small dragonflies are harder for birds to catch. B) Birds forced dragonflies to evolve to a larger size because bigger dragonflies provide more food for birds than do small dragonflies. C) Since birds and dragonflies feed on the same prey items, once birds evolved, the competition for food drove dragonflies to evolve a smaller size.
A) Once birds evolved, dragonflies were limited to smaller sizes, because small dragonflies are harder for birds to catch.
Which of the following is most likely to be an example of an adaptation? A) Seals live in arctic conditions and have extra fat that helps them to survive the cold winter. B) Cats living in people's houses are usually fatter than cats living in the streets. C) Poodles have short curly hair whereas St. Bernards have long straight hair. D) Houseplants grow taller if you remember to water them. E) If antelope are scarce one year, lions will eat zebras instead of antelope.
A) Seals live in arctic conditions and have extra fat that helps them to survive the cold winter.
Two vaccines will be available in the US by the end of 2020. One of them (produced by Pfizer) will be used exclusively in urban areas, while the Moderna vaccine will be used mostly in rural areas. What is the reason for this? A) The Pfizer vaccine needs to be stored at -70ºC and such ultra-freezers are not available in rural areas. B) The Moderna vaccine has been tweaked to work best when the person had previous exposure to bovine (=cow) viruses C) The Moderna vaccine is much cheaper and therefore more affordable for the poorer rural health care providers D) The Moderna vaccine requires only a single dose, so people have to drive only once to places where the vaccine is administered.
A) The Pfizer vaccine needs to be stored at -70ºC and such ultra-freezers are not available in rural areas.
Red blood cells are specialized for carrying oxygen. Cells of a hair follicle are specialized for secreting hair proteins. What enables cells to specialize in a particular function? A) The expression of genes varies among cells. B) Each cell contains only the genes it needs. C) The genetic code is redundant. D) The brain constantly tells each cell what to do. E) Each chromosome has a particular job in the cell.
A) The expression of genes varies among cells.
What must happen in order for two populations of opossums that belong to the same species to evolve into two different species of opossums? A) They must become genetically different from each other. B) Individuals in the two populations must exchange genes with each other. C) One population must be better at surviving in its environment than the other population D) They must adopt different diets. E) They must hybridize with a third species.
A) They must become genetically different from each other.
What is the function of translation during protein synthesis? A) To build a strand of amino acids B) To connect the tRNA molecules to each other C) To copy the information in a gene D) To move a ribosome along a strand of mRNA
A) To build a strand of amino acids
A plant cell uses photosynthesis to make a molecule of glucose. What will the plant use that glucose for? A) to make lipids B) any of the answers listed here C) to make other carbohydrates D) as an input to cellular respiration E) to make proteins
B) any of the answers listed here
What does it mean if a channel in a cell membrane is selective? A) the channel allows only certain substances to pass through, but not others B) sometimes the channel allows molecules to pass through, and sometimes it doesn't C) the channel allows molecules to enter a cell, but not to leave the cell D) the channel moves to different areas of the membrane, depending on where the need for diffusion is greatest
A) the channel allows only certain substances to pass through, but not others
Given what you know about the size of Meganeura (the giant dragonflies), what is the minimum number of meganeura wingspans that should be between you and your friend for sufficient social distancing during a Covid-19 pandemic? A. 2 Meganeuras B. 0.5 Meganeuras C. 1 Meganeura D. 10 Meganeuras
A. 2 Meganeuras
Look at the formula t=x2/2D, which you learned about in the lecture on diffusion. Which of the following is a valid conclusion that can be drawn from this formula? A. Small increases in diffusion distance result in much bigger increases in the time required. B. If you double the size of the diffusing molecules, you reduce the time of diffusion by half. C. When you increase the temperature, the rate of diffusion slows down. D. You can speed up the rate of diffusion by increasing the distance between molecules.
A. Small increases in diffusion distance result in much bigger increases in the time required.
Suppose you put a drop of lime flavoring into a glass of water. When you drink the water later, the flavor has spread throughout the water, rather than remaining in the spot where you deposited it. Why? A. because the flavor molecules are moving, and some will end up moving into each part of the glass B. because the water molecules are pulled into the spot that contains a high concentration of flavoring C. because the flavor molecules are attracted to areas with a lower concentration of them D. because the flavor molecules are more likely to bounce off of each other than off of water molecules
A. because the flavor molecules are moving, and some will end up moving into each part of the glass
If the curve labeled C represents the Hb-O2 Dissociation curve of the Graylag (=lowland) goose, which curve represents the Hb-O2 dissociation curve of the Bar-Headed (= mountain) goose? See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Test%205%20Graphs.pdf A B C D E
B
If a molecule of Hb is fully loaded with O2, how many molecules of O2 are bound to it? (Note: the possible answers may not be in numerical order.) A) 8 B) 4 C) It depends on whether the Hb has low or high affinity for O2. D) 1 E) 2
B) 4
Which of the following statements is a valid conclusion based on the data in the above figure? See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Figures_2.pdf A) Given the correlation between temperature and solar activity, the rise in temperature since 1970 is best explained by the change in solar irradiance. B) Although solar irradiance and temperature used to be correlated, the recent increase in temperature cannot be explained by an increase in solar irradiance. C) There is no evidence that solar irradiance has been associated with global temperatures at any time over the past 150 years.
B) Although solar irradiance and temperature used to be correlated, the recent increase in temperature cannot be explained by an increase in solar irradiance.
Papain, which is a meat tenderizer, contains an enzyme that breaks down proteins. Suppose you put papain in a test tube with a sample of actin, which is a protein that is abundant in muscle (i.e. meat) tissue. When you examine the contents of the test tube later, what will you find? A) nucleotides B) Amino acids C) Nucleic acids D) Simple sugars E) Fatty acids
B) Amino acids
How does ATP synthase transfer the energy of the proton gradient into ATP? A) Because like-charges repel each other, a high concentration of protons pushes ADP and Pi so close together that they form a covalent bond. B) As the protons pass through the ATP synthase they induce rotation which presses the ADP and Pi close together, so that they form a bond. C) The electrical charges of the protons add up until a spark forms that bonds ADP and Pi together. D) The positive charge of the Proton gradient sucks an electron out of ADP, which converts it into the energized state of ATP.
B) As the protons pass through the ATP synthase they induce rotation which presses the ADP and Pi close together, so that they form a bond.
You want to determine whether a molecule of Hb is in the tense or relaxed state. All of the following are appropriate questions to ask EXCEPT: A) What part of the body is the Hb located in? B) At what altitude is the Hb located? C) How flat is the heme group? D) How easily does it bind to O2? E) How many O2 molecules are already bound to it?
B) At what altitude is the Hb located?
You observe that two species of owls both have white plumage (=feathers) and you hypothesize that this similarity is due to convergent evolution. All of the following observations would support this hypothesis EXCEPT: A) Natural selection favors white plumage in both species of owl. B) Both species evolved from the same recent ancestor that also had white plumage. C) The white feathers are caused by different mutations in different genes that impact feather color. D) Both species live in habitats that are snowy for much of the year.
B) Both species evolved from the same recent ancestor that also had white plumage.
Look at the figure above. What is happening here? See figure here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Test%205%20Graphs.pdf A) The blue and red chromosomes are switching places, left-to-right and right-to-left, along the midline of the cell. B) Chromosomes are in the processes of swapping pieces with each other. C) The dominant genes are overpowering the recessive genes. D) Genes are merging with each other to produce a family.
B) Chromosomes are in the processes of swapping pieces with each other.
You have isolated a cell and you want to determine whether it is a prokaryote or a eukaryote. Which of the following questions will help you decide which it is? A) Does the cell have cytoplasm? B) Does the cell have lysosomes? C) Does the cell contain DNA? D) Does the cell have a plasma membrane? E) Does the cell have ribosomes?
B) Does the cell have lysosomes?
The sigmoidal (i.e. S) shape of the Hb-O2 dissociation curve indicates that... A) The shape of the Hb molecule twists into an S-figure once it is bound to O2. B) Hb picks up O2 much more easily once it is already bound to O2. C) As more and more Hb binds to O2, it causes a higher and higher PO2 in the lungs. D) Every time the PO2 increases by 10%, there is a corresponding 10% increase in the affinity of Hb for O2. E) As the PO2 of the environment increases, the probability of O2 binding to Hb decreases.
B) Hb picks up O2 much more easily once it is already bound to O2.
How does facilitated transport differ from diffusion? A) In facilitated transport, the cell uses energy to move the substance across a membrane. B) In facilitated transport, the substance passes through a pore, or tunnel, inside other molecules in the membrane. C) In facilitated transport, substances always move against their concentration gradient, i.e. toward areas of higher concentration. D) In facilitated transport, molecules are sucked into the cell by rotational currents in the cytoplasm that help to pull materials across the membrane.
B) In facilitated transport, the substance passes through a pore, or tunnel, inside other molecules in the membrane.
Curare is a poison used by indigenous people of the Amazonian to hunt. Curare acts by paralyzing muscles. In high doses, curare suffocates animals, including humans. Which step of the respiratory process in humans (mammals) does Curare most directly interfere with? A) Diffusion of gases in alveoli between air and blood B) Inhalation of air into the lungs C) Binding of oxygen to hemoglobin D) Release of oxygen from hemoglobin E) Exhalation of used air out of the lungs
B) Inhalation of air into the lungs
Consider a population of Geese living at medium altitude (they are NOT migrating). Two forms of Hb occur in this population, the low-altitude Hb common in most lowland geese and a form of high altitude Hb. This population is forced by several years of very cold weather to move to a somewhat lower altitude. How will the abundance of the high altitude Hb allele change during these cold years and why? A) It will not change, because temperature does not affect the ability of Hb to transport O2. B) It will decrease, because individuals with high altitude Hb will have lower fitness, as this Hb does not effectively release O2 in the body. C) It will increase, because the high altitude Hb has higher affinity for O2, leading to better loading of O2 in the lungs.
B) It will decrease, because individuals with high altitude Hb will have lower fitness, as this Hb does not effectively release O2 in the body.
Which of the following species most closely resembles the species alive at the arrow? See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Figures_2.pdf A) chipmunks B) It's impossible to say C) Rabbits D) Cavies/Nutria
B) It's impossible to say
Which of the following is not a 'postulate of natural selection'? A) Survival and reproduction are non-random; those with the most favorable traits reproduce more. B) Mutations occur randomly in a population C) More offspring are produced than can survive D) Some of the variation in a population is heritable E) Individuals vary in their traits
B) Mutations occur randomly in a population
In your community, a new virus has been introduced from Australia, which no one in the community has had contact with. The only available test for the infection with this virus determines whether antibodies exist in the blood of the person. Three days ago, you were in contact with a person infected with this new virus. Can you take the test today and get a reliable result? A) No, because antibodies can be measured in the body only after the infection has cleared out. B) No, because during the initial infections, antibodies are produced only after 4-6 days. C) Yes, the immune system has a huge number of antibody genes that can be activated within 18-24h after an infection. D) Yes, because antibodies are produced as the first line of defense against infections and are produced immediately.
B) No, because during the initial infections, antibodies are produced only after 4-6 days.
Phytoglobin is a protein that consists of a single globin sub-unit with one heme group. This globin sub-unit has a similar amino acid sequence as the alpha- and beta-subunits of human Hb. By binding up the free O2 in a plant cell, it protects organelles from oxygen damage. Which statement best describes the O2-dissociation curve of phytoglobin compared to that of hemoglobin? A) Because plant cells produce O2 during photosynthesis, they are used to high O2 concentrations. Thus, phytoglobin's curve is shifted to the RIGHT (-> lower affinity). B) The shape of the curves are very different, because the sigmoidal shape of Hb's curve is caused by the interaction of the four subunits, while phytoglobin consists of only one subunit. C) Phytoglobin does not have an O2 binding curve, as it never releases the O2 that it binds. D) Because of the similar amino acid sequence, the curves of hemoglobin and phytoglobin are similar
B) The shape of the curves are very different, because the sigmoidal shape of Hb's curve is caused by the interaction of the four subunits, while phytoglobin consists of only one subunit.
Although bats are considered the original source of most corona viruses that infect humans, the viruses typically pass through an intermediate host rather than moving directly from bats to humans. Why? A) Although the bat version of a corona virus can enter human cells, the new viral particles cannot escape from human cells. B) The spike proteins on the bat corona viruses don't fit any human receptors. C) The envelope on the bat corona virus is incapable of fusing with human cell membranes. D) Humans don't have enough close contact with bats to make direct transmission likely.
B) The spike proteins on the bat corona viruses don't fit any human receptors.
Why do cells perform cellular respiration? A) To make carbon dioxide B) To make ATP C) To use up glucose D) To use up oxygen E) To perform the electron transport chain
B) To make ATP
Which of the following situations typically selects for smaller body size in mammals? A) competition among males for mates B) living in an environment with limited food supplies C) living in an environment that fluctuates in rainfall from year to year D) obtaining food through predation on other animals E) living in a cold climate
B) living in an environment with limited food supplies
The atmosphere of the early Earth did not contain O2. Where did the O2 eventually come from? A. The O2 came from the Earth's crust as a result of spreading of the seafloor. B. Photosynthetic organisms released the O2. C. The O2 came from the decomposition of dragonflies during the Carboniferous. D. Chemical reactions cause the O2 to be released from minerals.
B. Photosynthetic organisms released the O2.
Look at the Hb-O2 dissociation curves shown below. If curve B represents Hb in the lungs, which curve represents Hb in active muscles? Note that the options might not be in alphabetical order. See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Test%204%20figures%20(1).pdf A B C D
C
A biologist surveys a population consisting of 500 moths, of which 100 are gray and 400 are black. The color of a moth is determined by which allele it has for a particular gene. Two hundred years later, another biologist surveys the same population of moths. Which of the following counts would indicate that the population has evolved? A) 50 gray and 200 black B) 1,000 gray and 4,000 black C) 200 gray and 500 black D) 300 gray and 1200 black
C) 200 gray and 500 black
What does it mean to say that a group of genes belongs to a 'gene family?' A) All of those genes contribute to producing a single structure, e.g. a tooth or a hand. B) All of those genes have been passed down from a particular set of parents to their offspring C) All of those genes started out as copies of a single gene. D) All of those genes are turned on and turned off simultaneously.
C) All of those genes started out as copies of a single gene.
What do mountaineers refer to as the "death zone"? A) Paths on top of ridges where climbers can easily fall down steep slopes B) Areas prone to be in the path of avalanches C) Elevations above 8000 m of altitude D) The bar at the bottom of the mountain, where climbers celebrate the completion of their ascent.
C) Elevations above 8000 m of altitude
Are even-toed ungulates more closely related to odd-toed ungulates or to bats? See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Figures_2.pdf A) Even-toed ungulates are more closely related to odd-toed ungulates. B) Even-toed ungulates are more closely related to bats. C) Even-toed ungulates are equally related to odd-toed ungulates and to bats.
C) Even-toed ungulates are equally related to odd-toed ungulates and to bats.
A plant cell has a defect that prevents it from producing sufficient amounts of chlorophyll. As a result, this cell is likely to suffer from a deficiency in: A) Oxygen B) Water C) Glucose D) red light E) Carbon dioxide
C) Glucose
After a set of electrons has moved through the electron transport chain in cellular respiration, where is their energy located? A) In NADH B) In the bonds of a glucose molecule C) In the concentration gradient of protons D) In water molecules E) In the components of the citric acid cycle
C) In the concentration gradient of protons
In a sample of mice living in rural areas of the Midwest, some individuals are gray and others light brown. You want to know whether they belong to the same species or not. According to the Biological Species Concept, which of the following approaches would be most useful? A) Compare various aspects of their morphology and physiology to determine how similar they are. B) Compare the sequence of DNA bases in their genomes. C) Mate gray ones and brown ones with each other and see if their offspring can reproduce. D) Determine whether they live in the same habitats and eat the same foods.
C) Mate gray ones and brown ones with each other and see if their offspring can reproduce.
'The redundancy of the genetic code protects the cell from point mutations.' What does this statement mean? A) 'Redundancies' are enzymes that travel the DNA looking for mutations, mis-matched bases, or broken parts of the molecule and fixing them before they can cause harm to the cell. B) Whenever a gene is transcribed, multiple copies of mRNA are produced, generating lots of protein molecules; if some of them are faulty, there's likely to be enough good ones present to perform their job. C) Since multiple codons specify the same amino acid, the amino acid sequence may be the same both before and after the mutation. D) Since we have two copies of every gene, one of them can mutate without any impact on the cell, as long as the other copy functions normally.
C) Since multiple codons specify the same amino acid, the amino acid sequence may be the same both before and after the mutation.
Why does the affinity of Hb for oxygen change as the Hb moves from the lungs to the active tissues of the body? A) Some amino acids are replaced by other amino acids in the Hb molecule. B) The charges on the Hb molecule become more positive as the blood picks up protons. C) The shape of the Hb molecule is altered by the environment of the muscles. D) The iron ions (Fe+) get removed as the blood becomes more acidic. E) The Hb gets squeezed by muscle contractions, forcing it to release O2.
C) The shape of the Hb molecule is altered by the environment of the muscles.
On a bright summer day, most plants turn their chloroplasts away from the Sun to slow down photosynthesis instead of using the energy in the sunlight to produce glucose. What is the reason for this unexpected behavior? A) The resulting proton gradient would be too strong and damage the chloroplast's membrane. B) The CO2 levels in the atmosphere are not high enough to sustain such fast photosynthesis. C) Too much O2 would be produced in the chloroplasts, which would damage the molecules involved in photosynthesis D) Photosynthesis would generate too much heat, which would damage the proteins involved in the process E) Glucose would be produced at such a high concentration that it would poison the chloroplast.
C) Too much O2 would be produced in the chloroplasts, which would damage the molecules involved in photosynthesis
Does a kidney cell contain genes for saliva? A) No - not all cells have genes. B) No - all cells have genes, but only the genes they need. C) Yes
C) Yes
In preparation for watching the Super Bowl, Michelle prepared her favorite snack: broccoli with sour cream & onion dip. The broccoli grew on a farm. Where did the broccoli plant get most of the matter that makes up the broccoli? A) the seed it grew from B) the soil C) the air D) the fertilizers E) the water
C) the air
The influenza virus that causes 'bird flu' is also known as H5N1. What do these letters and numbers refer to? A) the species of bird in which the virus was initially identified B) the quantities of Hydrogen and Nitrogen contained in the virus C) the types of proteins on the surface of the virus D) the name of the receptor the virus binds to to enter cells E) the location in Asia where the virus was first discovered
C) the types of proteins on the surface of the virus
Think about the data analyzed in the Clapham and Karr paper: The comparison between the two data sets (i.e. oxygen levels and dragonfly size) illustrates that: A. Oxygen levels are associated with dragonfly size in the second half of the time period represented, but not the first half. B. Fluctuations in oxygen levels can explain fluctuations in dragonfly size throughout Earth's history. C. Oxygen levels are associated with dragonfly size in the first half of the time period represented, but not the second half. D. Oxygen levels and dragonfly size have changed independently of each other throughout Earth's history.
C. Oxygen levels are associated with dragonfly size in the first half of the time period represented, but not the second half.
For how long did Dinosaurs roam on Earth? A. about 100 thousand years B. less that 40 million years C. about 165 million years D. about 2 billion years E. about 300 million years
C. about 165 million years
A molecule of glucose has just undergone glycolysis in one of your brain cells. What will happen next? A) Water molecules will be split, releasing oxygen. B) Glycogen molecules will be strung together into a long strand of carbohydrate. C) Pyruvic acid will enter the light-independent reactions D) Pyruvic acid will be prepared for the citric acid cycle. E) The ATP generated during glycolysis will be used to build a new glucose molecule.
D) Pyruvic acid will be prepared for the citric acid cycle.
Complete this sentence with the best option: Compared with at sea level, the partial pressure of O2 on Mt. Everest is ... A) ...higher, because the air is colder at high altitudes, and cold air has higher pressure. B) ...higher, because of the pressure from the air as it rises up the mountainside. C) ...the same, because oxygen makes up about 21% of the air molecules everywhere on Earth. D) ...lower, because there are fewer air molecules in total at high altitudes. E) ...lower, because oxygen makes up a smaller percentage of the air molecules available there.
D) ...lower, because there are fewer air molecules in total at high altitudes.
According to scientific evidence, approximately how long ago did Earth form? A) 4.6 million years ago B) 900 million years ago C) 1.2 million years ago D) 4.6 billion years ago E) 13.7 billion years ago
D) 4.6 billion years ago
Which of the following is an important source of water in the Paramos ecosystem of the Andes? A) Urine from mountain goats B) Cellular respiration by rodents C) Ocean spray D) Fog E) El Nino weather events
D) Fog
Cells that are very active in performing cellular respiration are likely to contain large numbers of: A) Ribosomes B) Chloroplasts C) Vacuoles D) Mitochondria E) Endoplasmic reticulum
D) Mitochondria
All of the following are important components of a scientific explanation EXCEPT: A) The explanation must be natural rather than supernatural. B) The explanation must be testable. C) It must be possible to acquire evidence that supports or refutes the explanation. D) Scientists must agree that the explanation is correct. E) It must be possible to change the explanation as new evidence accumulates.
D) Scientists must agree that the explanation is correct.
Among the following species, which one is most likely to survive climate change? A) Chlorostilbon lucidus B) Patagona gigas C) Selasphorus platycercus D) Thaumastura cora
D) Thaumastura cora
Given the low PO2 of the mother's blood at the placenta, how does a fetus obtain sufficient oxygen? A) The respiratory system of the fetus resembles that of a bird: by making a complete circle through the fetus, virtually all of the oxygen in the air is removed and taken up by the fetal tissues. B) Fetal hemoglobin has a lower O2-affinity than adult hemoglobin; this enables the fetal hemoglobin to release a higher percentage of its oxygen to the rapidly growing tissues of the fetus. C) The mother's blood mixes with the blood of the fetus, and therefore constantly provides a fresh supply of oxygen to the fetus. D) The fetus uses hemoglobin with higher O2-affinity than the mother's hemoglobin, enabling the fetus to remove O2 from the mother's blood.
D) The fetus uses hemoglobin with higher O2-affinity than the mother's hemoglobin, enabling the fetus to remove O2 from the mother's blood.
When a muscle cell requires energy to perform its work of contraction, what happens to ATP? A) The molecule converts kinetic energy to potential energy. B) The molecule gives up an electron. C) The atoms in ATP are transformed into energy. D) The molecule loses a phosphate group. E) The molecule gains an adenosine.
D) The molecule loses a phosphate group.
In preparation for birth, a human fetus switches from producing fetal hemoglobin to producing adult hemoglobin. What would be a disadvantage of having only fetal hemoglobin once you are no longer inside your mother's womb? A) The newborn's hemoglobin wouldn't pick up enough O2 in the lungs. B) The newborn's hemoglobin molecules would adopt a 'sickle' shape in response to the lower O2 availability once the baby has been born. C) The newborn's hemoglobin molecules would be too small relative to the larger size of red blood cells in a baby vs a fetus. D) The newborn's hemoglobin wouldn't release enough O2 to the active tissues.
D) The newborn's hemoglobin wouldn't release enough O2 to the active tissues.
In a second experiment Klok and colleagues tested whether fruit flies evolve a smaller body size in low O2 conditions (15% O2). After the 7th generations, flies raised in 15% O2 were about 25% smaller than the control flies. When the offspring of this generation were raised under control conditions, however, they grew up to the same size as the flies in control conditions. What does this result indicate? A) Factors other than O2 concentration influence the evolution of body size in insects B) Natural selection is potent enough to reverse the evolved small size within one generation C) Living in a 21% O2 atmosphere caused mutations that increase body size D) The reduction in body mass was due to a physiological response, and not to genetic changes
D) The reduction in body mass was due to a physiological response, and not to genetic changes
What is remarkable about the migration path of the bar-headed goose? A) They complete their migration trip in a single bout without ever landing. B) They migrate mainly from East to West (and back) rather than North-South. C) They cross wide parts of open ocean instead of flying along the coast line D) They fly straight across the highest ranges of the Himalaya instead of flying around it.
D) They fly straight across the highest ranges of the Himalaya instead of flying around it.
According to hiring managers of large companies, what is the most important characteristic of college graduates that they are considering hiring? A) They have a large amount of job-related content knowledge. B) They are able to work long hours by themselves. C) They have lots of student loans to pay back, and are therefore motivated to work hard to pay the loans back. D) They have excellent team working skills and appreciate working in diverse groups. E) They are in excellent physical shape to remain on their feet through long shifts.
D) They have excellent team working skills and appreciate working in diverse groups.
When people preserve their own vegetables, it is important to heat the sealed jars to a high enough temperature to kill the bacteria that cause botulism (a form of food poisoning). The botulism bacteria thrive in sealed food containers in which no oxygen is present. Based on this information, what can you conclude about these bacteria? A) They obtain energy from photosynthesis instead of cellular respiration. B) They are unable to generate any ATP, and rely on the food inside the container to supply it. C) Fermentation by the bacteria inside the food containers produces large quantities of ATP. D) They perform glycolysis, but not the additional steps of cellular respiration. E) They do not require ATP for survival.
D) They perform glycolysis, but not the additional steps of cellular respiration.
A particular codon is AAC. What will be the corresponding anti-codon? A) TTG B) TTC C) AAC D) UUG E) UUC
D) UUG
You have a culture of cells growing in a flask in the laboratory. You observe that they produce carbon dioxide as a result of cellular respiration. Could the cells in the flask be plant cells? A) No, because plant cells don't produce ATP. B) No, because plant cells use photosynthesis instead of cellular respiration to generate ATP. C) Yes, because photosynthesis produces carbon dioxide. D) Yes, because plant cells use cellular respiration to generate ATP.
D) Yes, because plant cells use cellular respiration to generate ATP.
Which of the following topics from our course would be best classified at the ecological level? A) the change in average lizard horn-length over generations B) mutations as sources of new alleles in a population C) the common features of all respiratory surfaces D) the lack of aerial predators that ate dragonflies during the Carboniferous E) the production of carbohydrates through photosynthesis
D) the lack of aerial predators that ate dragonflies during the Carboniferous
Most animals that are larger than a single cell have a body part that is adapted to serve as a specialized respiratory surface. Which of the following is a characteristic of ALL animal respiratory surfaces? A) They consist of tubes that carry air. B) They are on the outside of the animal's body. C) They are on the inside of the animal's body. D) They are wet or moist. E)They are connected to the animal's circulatory system.
D)They are wet or moist.
During the Triassic period (250-200Mya), the O2 content of the atmosphere was about 15%. Assuming an overall air pressure of 100 kPa, what was the partial pressure of O2 at sea level during that period? A) 25 kPa B) 760 mm Hg C) It is impossible to tell from the information given. D) 15 % E) 15 kPa
E) 15 kPa
The rise in O2 during the carboniferous was caused by: A) The degradation of the ozone layer B) The large number of giant animals at this time C) The evolution of fungi that could break down lignin D) Fermentation by bacteria that released O2 E) An imbalance in the rates of Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration
E) An imbalance in the rates of Photosynthesis and Cellular respiration
Why does Dr. Schul work with katydids? A) Because people love to hear about these insects B) Because someone needs to build hearing aids for deaf katydids. C) Because katydids are really cool animals. D) Because katydids are important pests that cause significant economic damage. E) Because they are very well suited to study important evolutionary and neurobiological problems
E) Because they are very well suited to study important evolutionary and neurobiological problems
Suppose you are a scientist tasked with determining whether exposure to a new industrial chemical, called XTG, is likely to cause genetic mutations (and thus potentially cancer). Which of the following questions is likely to be most useful to ask? A) Can XTG be transcribed into mRNA? B) How many carbon atoms are found in a molecule of XTG? C) What is the shape of the XTG-O2 dissociation curve? D) How much energy is contained in the chemical bonds of a molecule of XTG? E) Does the shape of XTG resemble the shape of any of the nucleotide bases?
E) Does the shape of XTG resemble the shape of any of the nucleotide bases?
Which of the following is a feature of birds that gives them increased respiratory efficiency compared with mammals? A) The trachea, or air tubes, of birds reach directly into every cell of the bird's body, rather than relying on blood to deliver the O2. B) The blood cells leave the blood vessels and enter the lungs of birds, and are therefore exposed directly to O2. C) Air enters a bird through its mouth and leaves the bird through its anus, creating a continuous flow of air over the respiratory surfaces. D) Birds have three lungs, whereas mammals typically have only two lungs. E) Fresh air flows over the gas exchange surfaces both when a bird inhales and when it exhales.
E) Fresh air flows over the gas exchange surfaces both when a bird inhales and when it exhales.
A scientist is interested in the issue of how the bar-headed geese manage to survive while at low altitudes in their wintering grounds in India. She plans her research program to address the following questions. Which one is at the ECOLOGY level? A) Is cellular respiration more efficient in bar-headed geese compared to other birds in India, allowing them to produce sufficient ATP even though their Hb releases less O2 at low elevations? B) If an allele arises that causes these geese to express a different Hb gene while over-wintering in India, would it spread through the population or not? C) What is the quaternary shape of the hemoglobin used by the geese on their wintering grounds? D) When the geese are at low altitudes, do they increase their body temperature (which could shift the Hb-O2 dissociation curve the right), e.g. by shivering their muscles? E) Given that the geese have less O2 available for flight on their wintering grounds, do they suffer higher risks of predation compared with other species of geese that over-wintering in the same locations?
E) Given that the geese have less O2 available for flight on their wintering grounds, do they suffer higher risks of predation compared with other species of geese that over-wintering in the same locations?
At the end of the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis, where is the energy from the sun located? A) In the chemical bonds of glucose molecules B) In the atomic energy of O2 C) In the atomic energy of carbon D) In the chemical bonds of O2 E) In the chemical bonds of ATP molecules
E) In the chemical bonds of ATP molecules
In an intact leaf, when an electron in a molecule of chlorophyll absorbs a photon of light energy, what does it do with that energy? A) It reflects the energy as green light. B) It transports the energy to any reaction in the cell that needs it. C) It emits the energy as red light. D) It uses the energy to make water. E) It passes the energy to a protein.
E) It passes the energy to a protein.
In mammals, myoglobin is a protein very similar to Hemoglobin, that also contains Heme groups and thus binds to O2. Looking at the O2-myoglobin dissociation curve in comparison to the O2-Hb curve in the lungs, could this protein be an O2 transport molecule, and for which reason? (Note that 'in tissues' refers to the active tissues of the body, not the lungs.) See graph here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Test%204%20figures%20(1).pdf A) This is impossible to tell from the data given. B) Yes, because it would carry lots of O2 at the partial pressures in C) the body where O2 is needed C) No, because it could not bind sufficient O2 in the lungs D) Yes, because it has high affinity for O2 in the lungs. E) No, because it would not release much O2 in the body
E) No, because it would not release much O2 in the body
All of the following variables are responsible for altering the affinity of Hb for O2 in different parts of the body EXCEPT: A) Amount of 2,3-BPG in the blood B) pH of the blood C) Temperature of the blood D) Amount of CO2 in the blood E) PO2 of the blood
E) PO2 of the blood
Which of the following questions would be categorized at the 'Evaluating' level in Bloom's taxonomy? A) Make an animation that illustrates the process of viral reproduction. B) What is the name of the gene that codes for the Spike Proteins on the surface of the coronavirus? C) Explain how the coronavirus reproduces inside human cells. D) Given what you have learned about how the Corona virus gains access to cells, describe a potential treatment that could block the virus from getting in. E) Should individual businesses be allowed to decide whether facemasks are required on their premises?
E) Should individual businesses be allowed to decide whether facemasks are required on their premises?
What is the "tidal volume" of the human lung? A) The maximum amount of air one can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation B) The total amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation C) The amount of air in the lungs that never gets exchanged D) The amount of air that we can maximally inhale after exhaling during rest. E) The amount of air exchanged per breathing cycle during rest.
E) The amount of air exchanged per breathing cycle during rest.
What is the most random part of evolution? A) Natural selection is totally random; you never know who will die next. B) All parts of evolution are random. C) Each individual in a population produces a random number of offspring. D) Predators pick their prey randomly. E) The occurrence of changes in DNA is the most random event.
E) The occurrence of changes in DNA is the most random event.
How do blue light and microwave radiation differ from each other? A) They differ in temperature B) One is potential energy and the other is kinetic energy C) They are made out of fundamentally different things D) They're the same thing - microwave ovens cook your food with blue light E) They have different wavelengths
E) They have different wavelengths
Although cellular respiration is advantageous for your muscle cells, why do they sometimes switch to lactic acid fermentation? A) because muscles contain large quantities of protein B) because sometimes muscles run out of carbon dioxide C) because sometimes muscles need to have a supply of lactic acid D) because sometimes there isn't enough glucose for cellular respiration E) because sometimes there isn't enough oxygen for cellular respiration
E) because sometimes there isn't enough oxygen for cellular respiration
Many midwestern farmers are growing corn to be used in the production of ethanol, which is a kind of alcohol. The corn undergoes a fermentation process to generate the ethanol. Given this information, what additional compound is produced in large quantities by ethanol factories? A) water B) oxygen C) glucose D) lactic acid E) carbon dioxide
E) carbon dioxide
According to the article you read, all of the following gases contribute to the greenhouse effect EXCEPT A) water vapor B) carbon dioxide C) nitrous oxide D) methane E) nitrogen gas
E) nitrogen gas
Out of the 20 amino acids, some of them can be made by our cells and others we must obtain from the food we eat. Lysine is an essential amino acid, meaning that we must get it from our food. A deficiency in lysine will most directly affect the production of _________ A) nucleotides B) glucose C) DNA D) mRNA E) protein
E) protein
Using the DNA 3'->5' sequences (= the bottom one), determine the sequence of amino acids coded for by this section of a gene. [Note: if the image of the table of codons is not visible, use the pdf of the test images.] See table here: file:///Users/allairepigg/Downloads/Test%205%20Graphs.pdf DNA 5'->3': A T G G G T C T C G T G DNA 3'->5': T A C C C A G A G C A C First AA: _________ Second AA: __________ Third AA: __________ Fourth AA: ___________
MET, GLY, LEU, VAL
When a cell requires the production of a particular protein, a(n) _______________________ binds to the _________________ of the gene, initiating transcription by _____________________
activator protein, promoter region, RNA polymerase
Determine the correct sequence of the following steps in replication by a DNA virus: a. copy viral DNA into RNA b. manufacture viral proteins c. virions exit cell d. bind to receptor e. assemble proteins into virions f. release genome into host cell
d, f, a, b, e, c
In the process of photosynthesis, ___________ energy is converted to ___________ energy.
light, chemical
Whereas the codon is part of the ___________ , the anti-codon is part of the _________________ , and matching the two with each other causes the correct _________________ to be put into the protein.
mRNA, tRNA, amino acid
