Biology 2404 Chapter 11

How long does a red blood cell live?

120 days

What is the percentage of plasma in the body?

55%

What is the percentage of plasma in the blood?

55% 92% is water, 8% is various salts and organic molecules ( glucose, amino acids, urea; hormones, plasma proteins)

Anemia is...

A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, in hemoglobin, or in total volume.

*Neutrophil

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Neutrophils are

A type of white blood cell that engulfs invading microbes and contributes to the nonspecific defenses of the body against disease.

Hemoglobin

An iron-containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen.

What are B lymphocytes?

B Lymphocytes are a type of Lymphocyte (Bone narrow)

What is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

Blood cell formation; Occurs in red bone marrow or axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur.

Leukocytes fight (WBC)

Blood cell that fights infection

What is coagulation?

Blood clotting

What does the blood regulate?

Body temperature Water-salt balance Body pH

What is agglutination?

Clumping of red blood cells *can block blood vessels and may lead to kidney or brain damage and death

What does the movement of white blood cells consist of..

Connective tussle, capillary walls, and white blood cells

What is the function of the blood?

Defends body against pathogens (disease-causing agents) Removes cancerous cells, dead and dying cells Blood clotting (prevents blood loss)

Why is blood red?

Each hemoglobin protein is made up subunits called hemes, which are what give blood its red color. More specifically, the hemes can bind iron molecules, and these iron molecules bind oxygen. The blood cells are red because of the interaction between iron and oxygen.

What is another name for kydneys?

Erythropoietin

What are platelet plug formation?

In a broken blood vessel, collagen fibers are exposed Platelets adhere to collagen and aggregation of platelets results in a platelet plug

What do eosinophils do?

Increase in number during parasitic worm infections Lessen an allergic reaction during an allergic attack

What is homeostasis?

Maintaining a stable internal environment

What does blood transports?

Oxygen to tissues Carbon dioxide and other wastes away from tissues Hormones and other chemicals

What is the top layer of the blood?

Plasma: water and dissolved substances.

What is osmotic pressure?

The amount of pressure required to stop the osmotic flow of water.

What are T lymphocytes?

They secrete chemical messengers (thalamus)

What does the bottom layer of the blood consist of? (formed elements)

Upper - buffy coat - white blood cells and platelets Lower - red blood cells

Oxyhemoglobin

a bright red substance formed by the combination of hemoglobin with oxygen, present in oxygenated blood *formed when oxygen binds with hemoglobin - bright red

*Basophil

a granular leukocyte, named for the dark stain of its granules, that brings anticoagulant substances to inflamed tissues

Eosinophil are

a granular leukocyte, named for the rose-colored stain of its granules, that increases in allergic and some infectious reactions

What is prothrombin?

a protein present in blood plasma that is converted into active thrombin during coagulation.

Myeloid stem cells produce

all other formed elements such as red blood cells, granular leukocytes, monocytes and megakaryocytes

*Monocyte

an agranulocytic leukocyte that performs phagocytosis to fight infection

What is hematopoiesis?

blood cell formation

Intrinsic mechanism

clotting factors are intrinsic to the blood (blood will coagulate in a test tube).

What is vascular spasm?

constriction (smooth muscle) of a broken blood vessel.

natural killer cells (NK cells)

destroy virus- infected an mutated cancer cells (lymphoid)

Lymphatic system cells

differentiate into lymphocytes an NK cells

What is embolus?

dislodged blood clot

What is thromboembolism?

dislodged blood clot blocks a blood vessel

What do white blood cells do?

fight infection

Deoxyhemoglobin

hemoglobin without oxygen (dark red)

What is hemophilia?

inherited clotting disorders caused by deficiencies of clotting factors

white blood cells (leukocytes)

innate capacity to recognize and differentiate any foreign material

What is thrombocytopenia?

low platelet count

What are the agranular leukocytes?

lymphocytes and monocytes

*Lymphocyte

mononuclear leukocyte that produces antibodies

What are the three granular leukocytes (granulocytes)

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

What does blood transport?

oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, heat and waste products

What helps maintain homeostasis in various ways?

plasma proteins Albumins Contribute to osmotic pressure, carrier Globulins Alpha and beta - produced by the liver; transport metals and vitamins Bind to lipids, forming lipoproteins Gamma - type of antibodies Fibrinogen and prothrombin - function in blood clotting

Red bone narrow produces...

produces red and white blood cells and platelets

Erythrocytes are also known as

red blood cells

Where do red blood cells go to die?

spleen

What is thrombus?

stationary blood clot

What does erythropoietin do?

stimulates RBC production

red blood cells (erythrocytes)

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

What are the functions of the blood?

transportation, regulation, protection

Erythroblasts

very immature red blood cells that are actively synthesizing hemoglobin

When does a hematoma occur?

when blood collects at the site of an injury

*Eosinophil

white blood cell containing granules that stain red; associated with allergic reactions