Biology 9:58

Fossils

- Scientists once debated the significance of fossils. - Fossil evidence and a new understanding of earth's geologic history told scientists the earth was much older than they previously thought.

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction?

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction

Which of the following best explains how enzymes speed up a chemical reaction? Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction. Enzymes are not changed as a result of a chemical reaction. Enzymes add heat to a chemical reaction. Enzymes remove heat from a chemical reaction.

Enzymes lower the activation energy of a chemical reaction.

Which type of cell contains DNA enclosed in a nucleus?

Eukaryotes contain DNA in their cell nucleus. Prokaryotes contain DNA, just not enclosed in a nucleus.

Which of the following can occur to two segments of a population if they are geographically isolated?

Eventually, they become separate species.

Nucleolus

Function: Contains RNA, where ribosomes are made out of RNA. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist), dense area inside the nucleus

Lysosome

Function: Digests/ breaks down nutrients and recycles old organelles. Found ONLY in some Eukaryotic cells

Cell Wall

Function: Extra protection and support. Found in Bacteria and Plant cells

Cytoplasm

Function: Fills up cell, contains all the organelles. Fond in ALL cells = criteria for cells

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function: Has ribosomes on the surface, where proteins are made for cell membrane. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

DNA (makes chromosomes)

Function: Instructions for protein synthesis (making proteins). Found in ALL cells (even those without a nucleus) = criteria for cells

Flagella/ Cilia

Function: Locomotion (helps cell move). Found mostly in Prokaryotic cells, but also in some specialized Eukaryotic cells.

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

Function: Makes lipids for cell membrane, as well as hormones and steroids. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

Ribosomes

Function: Makes proteins. Found in most types of cells, but NOT all cells.

Golgi Apparatus

Function: Packages proteins for use (by cell) or export (being sent out of cell). Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

Cell Membrane

Function: Protective barrier, holds cell together, controls what enters and leaves the cell. Found in ALL cells = criteria for cells

Mitochondria

Function: Transforms one form of energy into a form usable for the cell (turns sugar into energy molecule ATP). Found in ALL Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

What change occurred in the environment of the arc-crested dove population?

Predators such as snakes came to live there.

Why do scientists study proteins to find evidence for evolution?

Proteins reflect DNA sequences, so scientists study proteins to look for genetic similarities and differences in organisms.

A leafy sea dragon's enzyme is being made in a cell. Which two codons represent the amino acid phenylalanine? https://goo.gl/szHeD3

UUU and UUC

The migration of a large group of animals from a summer breeding ground to a warmer winter ground would be considered which of the following? chemical adaptation behavioral adaptation structural adaptation

behavioral adaptation

Which part of a leaf contains all the chemicals necessary for photosynthesis?

chloroplast

Biological organization extends beyond the organism to include which of the following?

family, genus, and species

What is the lac operon in E. coli a classic example of?

gene expression occurring at transcription

What do sexual reproduction, mutation, and crossing-over generate in a population?

genetic diversity

Mutation, genetic recombination, and gene flow all add what to a population?

genetic variation

According to the modern synthesis of evolution, __________.

genetics and mutation generate some of the variety that natural selection acts on

A male bird with bright red plumage mates and has offspring, which also have bright red plumage. Which characteristic of life is this an example of?

heredity

Which of the following individuals is most likely to allow a recessive lethal gene to be kept in a population over several generations?

heterozygous

The forelimbs of mice, bats, and whales all have a similar bone structure. This is an example of which type of evidence of shared ancestry?

homologous structures

Which term describes a type of trait that is usually expressed only when an organism has two identical alleles for the trait?

homozygous

What genetic condition results in the trait indicated by the blue color being expressed in the individuals shown here? https://goo.gl/MgtMma

homozygous recessive

Which of the following is always single stranded?

mRNA

Which of the following types of RNA carries genetic instructions for building a specific protein?

mRNA only

Which process is the total of all the chemical reactions in an organism?

metabolism

Which amino acids are in the code AUGGUCGGU? https://goo.gl/szHeD3

methionine, valine, and glycine

Where in a cell does most ATP production take place?

mitochondria

A virus is referred to as a particle rather than a cell because structurally it is a

nucleus surrounded by a protein coat.

The gene for melanin (skin pigment) is transcribed similarly in humans and apes. Where does the transcription of the melanin gene take place?

only in the nucleus

The first organisms on Earth were mostly likely ________ cells.

prokaryotic

Large molecules and wastes move through the membrane through ____ ______

protein channels

Large molecules and wastes move through the membrane through ____ ______.

protein channels

If DNA makes RNA, then what does RNA make?

proteins

Which statement below BEST summarizes the role of the DNA molecule in cells?

provides the instructions for making proteins

At the beginning of winter, frogs burrow into the mud at the bottom of lakes, where they go into a hibernation-like state. Which characteristic of life is this an example of?

response

Some types of aquatic frogs bury themselves in the mud and spend the winter hibernating at the bottom of lakes and ponds. Which characteristic of life does this behavior represent?

response

directional selection

selection that tends to favor one extreme form of a trait over another Directional selection favors one type of variation.

A membrane that only "lets" certain molecules in while keeping other molecules out is ___ ___

selectively permeable

A membrane that only "lets" certain molecules in while keeping other molecules out is ___ ___.

selectively permeable

What are the proteins in the connective tissues of your foot examples of?

structural proteins

vestigial structures

structures that appear to have no function for the organism but probably had a function in an ancestral organism

Which phrase best defines the term homologous structures?

structures that are so similar that they imply a common ancestor

homologous structures

structures that occur in different species but are similar enough to suggest that the species had a common ancestor

What is the backbone of DNA made of?

sugar and phosphates

The main difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell is

the presence of a true nucleus.

Biotechnology is best defined as __________.

the science that involves using living organisms to produce needed materials

comparative anatomy

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different organisms

comparative embryology

the study of similarities and differences in the embryos of different organisms

Which amino acid corresponds to the codon ACC?https://goo.gl/szHeD3

threonine

Which of the following is one role of RNA polymerase during transcription? to build a molecule of mRNA to produce a start sequence to switch uracil with thymine on the exposed gene to break down an already existing protein

to build a molecule of mRNA

What is the main purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

to energize electrons

Which of the following can regulate gene expression in eukaryotes?

transcription factors

Which of the following bases are found in RNA but not in DNA?

uracil

This part of the cell stores wastes, water or food.

vacuole

Certain flightless beetles have wings. Their wings are an example of which type of structure?

vestigial structure

Which of the following would most likely cause geographic isolation?

volcanic eruption

Vacuole

Function: Used to store water, nutrients, or waste for later use or transport. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist). Large and permanent in plant cells, small temporary ones found in animal cells.

Which is a correct statement about this illustration? https://goo.gl/cqi0QE

Genetic variation within chromosomes has increased.

Which statement is true about cell differentiation? It produces identical cells. It happens in all cells. It causes cells to change and specialize. It happens during cell division.

It causes cells to change and specialize.

What is the most important role of hydrogen bonding between water molecules?

It enables water molecules to bond to each other.

Which of the following occurs after mRNA is transcribed?

It enters the cytoplasm and moves toward ribosomes.

Jessica's mother has the blood type AB and her father has the blood type O. Which blood type could Jessica have? https://goo.gl/Ts0YQv

O

Which of the following is true about the DNA molecule during transcription?

Only a small area is opened.

Life would cease to exist without energy from the sun or some other source

True

Life would cease to exist without energy from the sun or some other source.

True

Which variable is measured in an experiment?

dependent variable

Most scientists come up with questions to investigate out of the blue.

False

The conclusion of a study should always be that the hypothesis is correct

False

The conclusion of a study should always be that the hypothesis is correct.

False

Define Genetic drift

- Genetic drift is a random change in allele frequency that usually leads to a loss of genetic variation. - a change in the gene frequency of a population due to random events

Define mutation

- a change in a DNA molecule or in the structure of a chromosome - All the variation on earth originated through the process of mutation. - A mutation is a change in a gene or a chromosome - Mutations can be helpful, harmful, or neutral.

migration

- a regular movement of animals to a different location because of weather conditions, or of food, water, or shelter requirements

Define population

- all of the members of one species that live in a common area and whose population dynamics are different from those of other populations - For a given trait, the phenotypic ratios of that trait reflect the genotypic makeup for that trait in the population.

Define gene pool

- all the genes in all the members of a population - The total of all genes for all traits in a population constitutes a gene pool. - The ratios of alleles for a given trait are not fixed. They can change.

Define genetic variation

- genetic diversity in a population - Gene flow also introduces variation into populations. - Mutation, gene flow, and genetic recombination all add genetic diversity to populations. - Variation in populations is important to the survival of species.

stabilizing selection

- selection that favors the average form of a trait over extreme forms - Stabilizing selection favors individuals with average characteristics.

Define adaptation

- structural, behavioral, and physiological traits that make an organism fit for its environment - As you read through the lesson online, use the space below to take notes. Adaptations are characteristics that help organisms survive in their environment. - The characteristics you see in the organisms around you are adaptations. - Adaptations are traits that help an organism survive and reproduce in its environment. - Many structures in living organisms are adaptations that help those organisms carry out particular functions. - Many unrelated organisms have similar adaptations that carry out similar functions. - Environment shapes the needs of organisms, and similar environments lead to similar adaptations. - Animal behavior can also be an adaptation. - Migration is a behavior, and it is also an adaptation. - Pay special attention to the use of the words "adaptation" and "adapting."

Define evolution

- the change in allele frequencies in a population over time - Evolution occurs in a population when there is a change in the genetic makeup of the population over a period of time. - Evolution occurs in a population when its genetic makeup changes over time. - For evolution to occur, there must be variation in a population. - Mutation, migration, genetic drift, recombination, and natural selection all play a role in evolution. - Charles Darwin was influenced by many other scientists as he developed the theory of evolution by natural selection. - Like the study of science itself, the study of evolution has a history based on past discoveries. - Darwin was influenced by and built on the work of many other scholars as he developed his theory of evolution. - Darwin gathered a large body of data and began asking questions about the patterns he saw emerging from that data.

Define genetic recombination

- the movement of genes from one homologous chromosome to another via crossing-over during meiosis

Define natural selection

- the process in which the natural environment acts on individuals so that those with favorable traits survive and reproduce and those that do not have those traits are eliminated - Natural selection acts on the variation in populations. - Natural selection is an important mechanism for evolution. - Natural selection can take place in several different patterns. - After exhaustive study of his data, Darwin proposed that natural selection could lead to changes in species. - Advances in technology made possible continued learning about genetics and evolution.

disruptive selection

- type of natural selection in which individuals with both extreme traits are favored and individuals with the average trait are not favored - Disruptive selection favors individuals with extreme characteristics.

Which two structures are first to combine in translation? https://goo.gl/tcIoiW

1 and 4

Cell theory

1. All living things are made of cells. 2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function 3. All cells come from other cells.

Criteria to be considered a cell:

1. DNA 2. Cell Membrane 3. Cytoplasm

Which structure will become the product of translation?

3

Which structure is responsible for bringing in the amino acids? https://goo.gl/tcIoiW

2

A horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. She knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele R (RR and Rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r (rr). The horticulturalist crosses two geraniums from the F1 generation. Look at the Punnett square to see this cross. What ratio of red- to white-flowering plants would you expect to see in the phenotypes of the F2 generation? https://goo.gl/mOHhqe

2 red : 2 white

Which structure holds the original code from the DNA gene?

4

If a cell loses control of gene expression, what happens?

Abnormal, unhealthy cells develop.

If a segment of one side of a DNA molecule has 500 adenine bases, how many thymine bases does the other side have?

500

Nucleus

Function: Contains DNA, control center or "brain" of the cell. Found in Eukaryotic cells (plant, animal, fungi, protist)

Which image shows a cell's DNA condensed into chromosomes? https://goo.gl/4rnV2V

A

Which statement is an accurate summary of meiosis?

A cell divides into gametes.

Which of the following occurs prior to speciation?

A population is divided.

A wide range of molecular compounds dissolve in water. This allows water to act a medium for moving molecules into and out of cells and tissues. All BUT ONE of these compounds dissolve in water. They are A) lipids. B) sugars. C) amino acids. D) carbohydrates.

A) lipids Only lipids do not dissolve in water. Non-polar lipids, fats and oils do not dissolve in water. Remember, phospholipids comprise the cell membrane that acts a a barrier between the watery environment of living cells. DNA and large proteins also do not dissolve.

What words are missing from the diagram? https://goo.gl/jnJUOo

A, chlorophyll; B, ATP

If part of the DNA gene being transcribed is TGCAAT, what will the mRNA code be for that part?

ACGUUA

Which of the following best explains how the structure of ATP helps provide energy to the cell?

ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between its phosphate groups.

Which of the following best explains how the structure of ATP helps provide energy to the cell? ATP production requires energy. ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between its phosphate groups. ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between adenine and ribose. ATP is recycled inside the cell.

ATP contains energy in the chemical bonds between its phosphate groups.

Have you had the chance to watch a tree grow over a span of several years? Did you notice that the tree grew thicker and taller? Deep in the roots of the tree and high in the growing shoots are meristem cells. Each year, the meristem cells help the tree continue to grow. When the seed of a tree first starts to grow, what would happen if the cells did not differentiate?

All of the cells would be identical.

Which genes are present in your liver cells?

All your genes are present in your liver cells

How does speciation start to take place on a genetic level between two isolated populations?

Allele frequencies change in different ways.

Examine the illustration. Which structure in the cell contains the cell's genetic information? https://goo.gl/zSvY96

B

Which atom is a carbon atom? https://goo.gl/brWhvl

B

Which Statement is True about cell differentiation?

It causes cells to change and specialize.

Which of the following best shows how primary structure relates to protein function?

Changing one amino acid in the protein hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia.

All BUT one of the following are involved in the transfer of a genetic message from the nucleus to the ribosome. That is A) CO2. B) DNA. C) mRNA. D) tRNA.

CO2.

Lipid

Can provide insulation

Nucleic Acid

Carries genetic information

Which of the following best shows how primary structure relates to protein function? High temperatures cause proteins to denature. The shape and chemistry of an enzyme's active site determine its function. Proteins are sensitive to changes in pH. Changing one amino acid in the protein hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia.

Changing one amino acid in the protein hemoglobin causes sickle-cell anemia.

Eukaryotic cell

Complex. Found in multicellular (many celled) organisms. Have a nucleus to contain DNA, and other advanced cell organelles. Examples: Plant, Animal, Fungi, and Protist. YOUR body contains this class of cell (type: Animal cells).

Where do the instructions for building a protein originally come from?

DNA

Which of the following tools of biotechnology do investigators use when trying to connect a suspect with a crime?

DNA fingerprinting

Hemlocks are a common type of tree in the northern forests of the United States. In studying one forest, a forester noticed that mature hemlocks were abundant but there were very few young hemlocks. She wondered why there were so few young hemlocks. By reading the records that other foresters in that area had kept, she learned that the population of deer living in the forest had doubled in the last five years. By reading studies on forests that other scientists had performed, she also learned that deer in similar forests like to eat young hemlocks and the young trees of other species. Which statement is a hypothesis that would best address the question Are deer eating the young hemlocks and preventing them from growing?

Deer are eating young hemlocks.

How did this change affect the population of the arc-crested dove population ?

Easily-seen purple crested birds were eaten more often.

What is the first, most immediate, thing that happens when light strikes a chlorophyll molecule?

Electrons are energized.

Most populations on earth are affected by several factors, such as genetic drift, mutations, and natural selection. Which of the following statements can be made about a population that experiences changes in gene frequencies?

Evolution is occurring in the population.

Which of the following statements is accurate about evolution?

Evolution means that a population undergoes changes in its gene frequencies over time.

A hypothesis is a lucky guess.

False

Because they share similar structures, cells all carry out the same function.

False

DNA translates the information in RNA to make proteins.

False

DNA translates the information in RNA to make proteins. True or False?

False

Most scientists come up with questions to investigate out of the blue

False

Which is a correct statement about this illustration? https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/1057000_1057500/1057002/1/04b3f5e0999cda8e348a1184be77b6700e294541/VHS_BIO_03_30_quiz_crossing.jpg

Genetic variation within chromosomes has increased.

Which of the following would happen to a cell if cellular respiration suddenly ceased?

Glucose breakdown would nearly stop or cease entirely.

Proteins destined for extracellular release are packaged in specific vesicles. After packaging, the vesicles bud off and are stored in the cell until a signal is given for their release. When the appropriate signal is received they move towards the membrane and fuse to release their contents. The cellular organelle, involved in the process described above, is the

Golgi apparatus

Which statement describes a process that takes place in meiosis but not mitosis?

Homologous chromosomes pair up.

Which statement best explains why carbon is present in so many kinds of molecules? It is abundant on earth. It can form four covalent bonds. It has valence electrons. It can become an ion.

It can form four covalent bonds

I am: double stranded found in the nucleus have four nitrogen bases contain deoxyribose sugar contain thymine instead of uracil What important molecule am I?

I am: A) DNA DNA is double-stranded molecule which is often also it's most known feature. Perhaps less known (depends on who you ask) are facts that it also has thymine and not uracil (uracil is found in RNA). It has four nitrogen bases and it contains deoxyribose sugar (another hint that it's DNA and not RNA).

Which of the following best describes the role of DNA? It speeds up chemical reactions inside of cells. It transmits genetic information to the next generation. It directly forms proteins. It provides a form of energy for cells.

It transmits genetic information to the next generation.

Centriole

Made of microtubules and helps in cell division (mitosis). Found in animal cells but NOT found in plant cells.

Have you had the chance to watch a tree grow over a span of several years? Did you notice that the tree grew thicker and taller? Deep in the roots of the tree and high in the growing shoots are meristem cells. Each year, the meristem cells help the tree continue to grow. As a tree ages, it needs to keep making more xylem and phloem cells to carry water and food. Which statement explains how this occurs?

Meristem cells divide and some of the new cells differentiate into xylem and phloem.

Which process results in two daughter cells each having the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell?

Mitosis Mitosis is the term that refers to the process of nuclear division. Meiosis is another method of cell division mostly for reproductive cells. The other two options are two stages in the process of mitosis in which DNA is forming chromosomes and then splitting apart after metaphase.

Even though scorpions are related to spiders, there are many differences between the two organisms. One difference is that scorpion young do not hatch from eggs as spiders do. Scorpions are born live, two at a time, and they immediately crawl onto the mother's back for protection and care. They remain there for 2 weeks as they grow big enough to take care of themselves. As baby scorpions grow larger, which process occurs in their body (somatic) cells?

Mitosis separates one cell into four cells.

Which of the following would you expect to see in a family that carries an X-linked recessive trait?

More males than females express the trait.

A population of crocodiles is said to be in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. If so, which of the following must be true?

No new mutations have occurred.

contains DNA control center has a membrane found in eukaryote cells These characteristics describe the _______________ of a cell.

Nucleus

About two-thirds of a cell is composed of water. What is the name of the process in which water moves into or out of the cell membrane to maintain homeostasis?

Osmosis osmosis is the movement of water across a membrane from higher to lower concentration.

1. Imagine a mother and a father who both have freckles and are heterozygous for the trait, or Ff. They are the P generation, or parent generation. Create a Punnett square to show their offspring, the F1 generation.

Part 1 Punnett Square F f F FF Ff f Ff ff

Microfilaments

Part of the cytoskeleton that is more flexible to help in movement of the cell and its organelles

Microtubules

Part of the cytoskeleton that provides support to help the cell keep its shape

Which of the following is true of natural populations?

Populations are all the individuals of a species living in a defined area

Which of the following describes translation?

RNA makes proteins.

Prokaryotic cell

Simple. Found in unicellular (one celled) organisms. Do not have Nucleus or other organelles. DO have cell membrane, cytoplasm, and free floating DNA. Example: Bacteria

Protein

Some are stringy and fibrous and provide support (i.e., collagen and keratin) Help speed up cellular reactions

In cells, the production of proteins is handled by the ribosomes and endoplasmic reticulum, while the processing and packaging of proteins is handled by the _________ body.

The Golgi body is a stacked, membranous organelle that functions to finalize, package, and ship proteins.

All amino acids have a central carbon with four components attached to it. One of these components is called the R group. Which of the following best describes the R group?

The R group is the same in all amino acids.

Read the following prompt and type your response in the space provided. Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are often described in two ways: (1) they are chemically opposite; and (2) they have a relationship to each other. Explain what these two statements mean. Be sure to include the specific substances used and released by each process.

The chemical equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration are exactly opposite. What photosynthesis creates, cellular respiration uses. The opposite is true, too: What cellular respiration makes, photosynthesis uses. Each process feeds the other. Photosynthesis uses carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight (energy) to produce glucose and oxygen. Cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The two processes are related because their products and reactants cycle between them. Cellular respiration uses the glucose and oxygen that photosynthesis produces; photosynthesis begins with the carbon dioxide and water produced during cellular respiration.

Which of the following statements is true about photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

The chemical equations for the processes are opposite of each other.

Compare the food energy in calories from burning the chip and the saltine. How can you explain this differences in terms of chemical composition?

The chip contains more lipids than the saltine.

What happens to E. coli when lactose is not present?

The genes that produce the enzymes needed to break down lactose are not expressed.

Which statement correctly describes the cells produced by meiosis?

The genetic material of the original cell is divided among the new cells.

Which statement correctly describes the cells produced by meiosis? The new cells are identical. The genetic material of the new cells is diploid. The new cells are exact copies of the original cell. The genetic material of the original cell is divided among the new cells.

The genetic material of the original cell is divided among the new cells.

What happened to the allele frequency in the arc-crested dove population?

There is now more green-crested birds instead of pruple-crested birds as a way to hide from the snakes.

Which organelle, found in this plant cell, breaks down sugars for cellular energy?

The mitochondria is the site of cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down to produce usable energy. All eukaryotic cells have mitochondria.

Which statement is true about water molecules? Water molecules cannot dissolve many substances. Water molecules move randomly around each other. The oxygen atom has a negative charge. The hydrogen atoms do not share electrons.

The oxygen atom has a negative charge.

When is gene expression blocked in the lac operon system?

The repressor protein blocks the genes from making mRNA.

In your body, why do muscle cells and skin cells look and behave differently?

Their genes are being expressed differently.

How many birds are in the entire population of arc-crested fruit-doves on the island of Hoi Polloi?

There are 25,000 birds. (There are 50,000 alleles in the gene pool, with each bird having 2 alleles; therefore, there are 25,000 birds.)

Which of the following best explains why organisms of the same species that become isolated eventually become different from each other over time?

They are exposed to different environments.

Which of the following must be true of their individuals if two populations are no longer the same species?

They cannot reproduce successfully with each other.

Which of the following is a difference between DNA and RNA?

They have different sugars.

A developer wants to turn part of a local woodlot into a new housing development. In the springtime, a vernal pool exists in the part of the woodlot marked for development. How might this proposed development affect the salamanders that live in the woodlot?

They would have no place to mate and lay their eggs.

Why are some scientists studying the bacteria that live in the guts of termites?

Those bacteria may contain genes that will help convert plant material to ethanol.

Chloroplast

Transforms one form of energy into a form usable for the cell (uses sunlight to make sugar). Found in Plant cells.

Gene expression can occur at several points along the pathway from DNA to RNA to proteins. In one example of gene expression, the protein insulin must be trimmed to a smaller size. How is this is an example of gene expression?

Until the protein is trimmed, it is not useful to the cell.

Carbohydrate

Used as main source of energy for a cell

Cells often store materials like water, salts, proteins and carbohydrates in sac-like structures called

Vacuoles Vacuoles store a variety of substances for cells.

In which direction will water molecules (the small blue spheres) move across the membrane in the illustration shown here? https://goo.gl/cpSnnw

Water will move from B to A.

How does water relate to the ability of a living thing to generate energy?

Without the proper balance of water, chemical reactions in cells could not take place.

DNA encodes the information necessary to produce the proteins needed by your body. While this is true for humans, is it the case for other organisms?

Yes, all organisms use DNA for the production of proteins.

How does ATP provide energy to your body?

Your body produces ATP through the breakdown of glucose and converts the energy in glucose into a form that the body can use. This energy is contained in the chemical bonds between phosphate groups in the tail of the ATP molecule.

Which of the following is the best description of an adaptation? a characteristic that helps an organism find food a characteristic that evolves a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce a characteristic that helps an organism avoid predators

a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce

phylogenetic tree

a diagram displaying the evolutionary relationships of types of organisms

Which term best describes the role carbon plays in the structure of compounds present in living things? a minimal role a fundamental role a somewhat important role

a fundamental role

What does a nucleotide consist of?

a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate

All cells contain ____________

a nucleic acid

All cells contain ____________.

a nucleic acid

What is a gene in its simplest form?

a segment of DNA

Which of the following is the best definition of a gene?

a specific segment of DNA on a chromosome

In the desert, saguaro cacti, owls, horned lizards, and fire ants all share the same space. Which of the following can be considered a population?

all cacti in the same area

Which of the following constitutes a gene pool?

all genes of all individuals in a specific population

A cell is lacking in its supply of amino acids. Which of the following will occur? mRNA will not be formed because enzymes may not be present. The ribosomes will not work properly because there will be no proteins. tRNA may not be able to fulfill its job. all of the above

all of the above

The controlled timing of gene expression is crucial to an organism because it allows for which of the following? differentiation specialization development all of the above

all of the above

Which of the following repeating units make up a protein? amino acids carboxylic acids peptide acids fatty acids

amino acids

Which of the following is a variant of a gene?

an allele

Which of the following is not an example of an adaptation? the secretions made by a clown fish to protect the organism from sea anemones the white fur of polar bears an individual choosing to put on a coat to stay warm

an individual choosing to put on a coat to stay warm

The early organisms on earth also needed to break down glucose to generate energy to survive. Which of the following processes did they most likely use?

anaerobic respiration

Living things require specific organic molecules in order to survive. The picture above represents some specific examples of foods that are mainly composed of one of these necessary organic molecules. The organic molecules found in these types of food are http://goo.gl/TMr3di

carbohydrates. Carbohydrates are found in foods like sugars and grains. Their main function is to be an energy source for living things.

Breads and other whole grain foods are composed of very large polysaccharide molecules which contain hydrogen, oxygen, and which other element?

carbon Breads contain are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The carbon is what is used to classify it as a organic compound. Polysaccharides are composed of large chains of monosaccharides, but they all contain just those three elements.

A soybean plant uses cellular respiration to generate usable chemical energy, released within the cell as molecules of what substance?

carbon dioxide

The carbohydrates seen here contain three common elements. They are http://goo.gl/TMr3di

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Carbohydrates have three elements in common:carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.. Think carbon + hydrate. Hydrate is another way to indicate the presence of water which contains hydrogen and oxygen.

Have you had the chance to watch a tree grow over a span of several years? Did you notice that the tree grew thicker and taller? Deep in the roots of the tree and high in the growing shoots are meristem cells. Each year, the meristem cells help the tree continue to grow. Which process is most critical for different types of tree cells to develop?

cell differentiation

Which process occurs directly after meiosis II?

cell differentiation

The ___ ___ is responsible for maintaining homeostasis within any cell.

cell membrane

Which structure will you find in a prokaryotic cell?

cell membrane

A bat's wing is used for flight while a monkey uses its hand to grasp objects. These structures have different functions, but on an anatomical level, they have a very similar bone structure. Darwin used this evidence to suggest that bats and monkeys share which of the following?

common ancestors

You are studying the inheritance of two characteristics in plants: red flowers (RR and Rr), which are dominant to yellow flowers (rr), and green leaves (GG and Gg), which are dominant to yellow leaves (gg). You cross a double heterozygous (RrGg) with a double recessive (rrgg), and expect to see a 1:1:1:1 ratio in the offspring. Instead, you see these results: https://goo.gl/zyXqOf Which phenomenon would you hypothesize accounts for the pattern you see?

crossing-over

Darwin noticed that some of the species on the Galápagos Islands looked similar to species he saw on the mainland of South America. He suggested that ancestors of those species migrated from South America to the Galápagos Islands, and then changed gradually after their arrival. What did Darwin call this type of change, when a species diverges from a common ancestor?

descent with modification

What kind of allele results in the trait indicated by the green color being expressed in the individuals shown here? https://goo.gl/zi3zHz

dominant

A(n) ________ cell has a nucleus and typical organelles.

eukaryotic

http://www.usatestprep.com/modules/gallery/files/5/552/552.gif Based on physical features, this cell is most likely a(n) ____________ cell.

eukaryotic animal

Which mechanism requires energy?

exocytosis

Bt corn is a genetically modified crop that contains a gene from another species. Which characteristic does this gene give the plant?

insect resistance

Which type of protein plays an important role in transmitting signals in the nervous system?

ion channel membrane proteins

What is the total collection of DNA in an organism called?

its genome

According to cell theory, viruses are considered nonliving because they

lack the ability to reproduce without a host. Viruses lack the ability to reproduce without a host. This violates 'all cells come from other cells'.

This phylogenetic tree shows similarities in the amino acids in cytochrome-C of several organisms. Use the information in the phylogenetic tree to answer the question. https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/1057000_1057500/1057007/1/4c5247a83d7ec602930d2ffa1a1bfeb5c12b2557/VHS_BIO_08_07_108_quiz_tree.gif Of the animals in this phylogenetic tree, which is most distantly related to the rhesus monkey?

lamprey

You are studying the amino acid sequence of a protein shared by four organisms. You want to know which organism is most closely related to organism A. You have data that shows the number of amino acid differences between organism A and each of the other organisms. Study the data in the chart and use it to answer the question. https://static.k12.com/calms_media/media/1057000_1057500/1057006/1/2d3fe2b00fae8a0216f08d102dd73790fd074ab2/VHS_BIO_08_07_108_quiz_chart.gif Which organism does this data suggest is most closely related to organism A?

organism D

Where do new cells come from?

other cells

Cellular (aerobic) respiration takes place in the presence of and with the use of which of the following?

oxygen

Vegetable farmers often plant soybeans every few years. Rotating crops breaks up the life cycles of many insect pests, and the soybean plants provide the soil with nitrogen. Other crop plants need the nitrogen to grow well. A field of soybean seeds has been planted on a farm in Indiana. As soon as the first leaves emerge from the seed, photosynthesis begins. Which substance is the chemical food source for the soybean plants?

sunlight

From the lesson, which of the following is considered a population?

the arc-crested fruit-doves of Hoi Polloi

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that creates excessive mucus in human organs. What is a person with this disorder missing?

the gene that codes for an important cell membrane protein

Which of the following will a bacterium produce when a human gene is added to its genome?

the human protein coded for by the human gene

amino acids

the organic molecules that serve as the units from which proteins are made

Define genotype

the particular alleles present in an organism for a character or set of characters

Define phenotype

the physical or detectable traits of an organism

Which order of events is correct?

zygote → stem cells → cell differentiation

Which order of events is correct? zygote → stem cells → cell differentiation zygote → cell differentiation → mitosis stem cells → zygote → cell differentiation mitosis → cell differentiation → stem cells

zygote → stem cells → cell differentiation