Biology Ch. 14, 15 & 16

ABO blood system

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Calico Cats

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What is ~ Turner's Syndrome ~ Down's Syndrome ~ Kleinfelter's syndrome

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Two Martians marry. One is homozygous for red eyes (RR), while the other is heterozygous (Rr). The recessive eye color is purple (rr). What is the probability that they will have a child with purple eyes?

0

If a color blind man marries a normal woman and color blindness is an sex-linked (on X) recessive, what is the probability of a daughter that is color blind?

0%

Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait. If a colorblind woman marries a man with normal vision, what is the probability of colorblind sons?

1

What are the chances that the alien couple will have a child with red eyes?

1

Munchkin is an autosomal dominant trait that is lethal in embryos in the homozygous dominant condition. If a Munchkin cat mates with a genotypically normal cat, what is the probability of Munchkin kittens?

1/2

What is the probability that the alien couple will have a child that is heterozygous for eye color?

1/2

Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive trait. If a man that is a carrier marries a genotypically normal woman, what is the probability of carrier daughters?

1/4 ~ cystic fibrosis- 1/2 ~ daughter- 1/2 ~ 1/2 x 1/2

A woman is blood type AB Rh positive. Her father was Rh negative. The woman marries a man that is blood type O negative. ~ What is the probability that B negative daughters will result?

1/8 ~ 1/4 B- ~ 1/2 daughter ~ 1/4 x 1/2

How many different gametes can be produced from a parent with the genotype Aa Bb cc dd Ee Hh?

16

Ptosis (droopy eyelids) is an autosomal dominant trait that is lethal in embryos in the homozygous dominant. If a woman with Ptosis marries a man with Ptosis, what is the probability of children with Ptosis?

2/3

Attached earlobe is an autosomal recessive trait and so is cystic fibrosis. A woman, with attached earlobes, that is a carrier of cystic fibrosis, marries a man that is genotypically normal for Cystic fibrosis and a carrier of the attached earlobe trait. ~ What is the probability they will have a child with free (non-attached) earlobes that is also a carrier of cystic fibrosis?

25%

In cats green eyes is dominant to gold eyes and short fur is dominant to long fur. A cat with golden eyes and long fur mates with another cat that is heterozygous for green eyes and heterozygous for long fur. ~ What percentage of the kittens are anticipated to have golden eyes and short fur?

25%

A woman that is AB positive, whose dad was B negative, marries a man that is A and homozygous positive. ~ What is the probability that if they have a daughter, she will be the A positive phenotype?

25% ~ A+ phenotype- 1/2 ~ daughter- 1/2 ~ 1/2 x 1/2

What are trisomies? Know all about Down's Syndrome.

3 of a chromosome

If a sequence of DNA has 20% T base, what is the % of C base?

30%

Symptoms of Huntington's Disease do not usually appear in an affected individual until

35-50

If a parent has the genotype AaBb, how gametes could be produced?

4

A man with hemophilia (a sex-linked recessive trait) marries a woman that is a carrier. ~ What is the probability of a son with hemophilia?

50%

Alcaptonuria is an autosomal recessive. If a man with alcaptonuria marries a woman that is a carrier what is the probability that an affected child will be produced?

50%

In crossing a homozygous recessive with a heterozygote, what is the chance of getting an offspring with the homozygous recessive phenotype?

50%

Polydactyly is an autosomal dominant trait. A man and woman with polydactyly marry. What is the probability that their children will have polydactyly if homozygous dominant is lethal?

66 2/3%

Two heterozygous munchkin cats breed and produce kittens. Munchkin is an autosomal dominant gene that is lethal in embryos in the homozygous dominant condition. What is the probability that munchkin cats would be produced in the F1 generation in problem 1?

66 2/3%

A couple who are both carriers for the cystic fibrosis gene have two children with cystic fibrosis. ~ What is the probability that their next child will be phenotypically normal?

75%

An individual of genotype AA BB CC Dd Ee Ff Gg could produce how many different kinds of gametes?

8

What are the predicted genotypes of two parents which are both blood type AB?

AB

Which cross will produce a 9:3:3:1 ratio of phenotypes?

AaBb X AaBb

Which of the following represents the possible genotype(s) resulting from a cross between an individual homozygous for black hair (BB) and heterozygous (Bb) individual?

BB and Bb

Hitchhiker thumb and blue eyes are both autosomal recessive traits in humans. If a woman with Brown eyes and hitchhiker thumb has a son with blue eyes and a normal thumb, what could the possible genotypes and phenotype of the mother?

Bbtt

Which of the following adds new nucleotides to the new DNA being synthesized?

DNA polymerase

An allele is

a gene that has alternative forms

What is a karyotype?

a match display of all chromosomes by size, shape, and banding pattern

aneuploidy

abnormal chromosome number ~ either n+1 or n-1 ~ zygote is either trisomic or monosomic

allele

alternating forms of a gene that encode for differing forms of the same trait

heterozygous

an individual has one dominant and one recessive allele for a given trait (ex. Bb)

homozygous

an individual trait that has 2 of the same type of alleles for a given trait (ex. BB or bb)

autosomal dominant

capital letter is affected (ex. AA and Aa are affected)

dihybrid

dealing with 2 traits at the same time

monohybrid

dealing with a single trait

Co-Dominance

each allele is expressed equally

genotype

genetic makeup of organism

What enzyme opens the DNA by breaking bonds in the first step of DNA synthesis?

helicase

Individuals homozygous for the sickle-cell trait produce abnormal

hemoglobin

Tay-Sacs Disease results from failure to produce a particular enzyme named

hexosaminidase A (HEX A)

autosomal recessive

homozygous recessive is affected (ex. aa is affected)

hemizygous

indicates that a gene is present and active with only 1 copy

What DNA strand has Okazaki fragments?

lagging strand

The physical location of a particular gene on a chromosome is called a(n)

locus

Multiple alleles

many genes that have more than one allele or even 2 alleles

independent assortment of alleles

multiple pairs of alleles segregate independently during gamete formation

genotypically normal

not affected and not a carrier

Epistasis

on occasion the expression of one gene interferes with the expression of another gene

Incomplete dominance

one allele is not completely dominant in heterozygote; they work together

Epistasis means

one gene affects expression of another

carrier

one recessive and one dominant (ex. Aa)

phenotype

physical characteristics of organism

Which of the following is an exception to Mendel's principles?

polygenic inheritance

Fragile X syndrome

requires a short DNA sequence that is repeated many times

Polygenic Inheritance

single characteristic influenced by many genes (ex. height)

Pleiotropy

single genes can affect multiple characteristics

law of segregation of alleles

the allele for a given trait located on each homologous chromosome separates during meiosis

When a reciprocal cross produces identical results

the trait is not sex linked

T or F: If a male orange cat mates with a female black cat. All the female kittens will be calico and all the male kittens will be black.

true

Translocation

when a piece of one chromosome gets stuck to another and they aren't the same pair; chromosomes cross over with wrong match

A man is heterozygous for widows peak (autosomal dominant) and his wife is homozygous for continuous hairline (no widows peak). What is the probability that they will produce: ~ children with widows peak? ~ children without widows peak? ~ can any of the children be carriers of widows peak?

~ 1/2 ~ 1/2 ~ no

Munchkin is an autosomal dominant gene that is lethal in embryos in the homozygous dominant condition. If 2 munchkin cats mate what proportion of the kittens will be munchkin? Genotypically normal?

~ 2/3 ~ 1/3

A man and a woman, both with group AB blood, marry. What different genotypes and phenotypes can be expected among their children? What percentage of their children could have A type blood. What blood type of types could not appear in their children?

~ 25% ~ OO, BO, AO

Red feathers are recessive to green feathers in parakeets. Tiny wings is recessive to normal wings as well. If a red feathered tiny winged parakeet mates with a heterozygous green feathered parakeet that is also heterozygous for tiny wings, how many of the following offspring will result? ~ red feathered normal winged parakeets ~ green feathered normal winged parakeets ~ green feathered tiny winged parakeets ~ red feathered tiny winged parakeets

~ 255 ~ 255 ~ 25% ~ 25%

Provide all the possible combinations of gametes for the genotype AaBb

~ AB ~ Ab ~ aB ~ ab

A man with B type blood marries a woman with B type blood. Four of their children have B type blood and one has O type blood. ~ What would be the genotype of the parents? ~ What is the chance that their next child could have AB type blood?

~ BO ~ 0%

In pizza extra cheese and stuffed crust are both inherited as autosomal recessive traits. If an extra cheese, heterozygous stuffed crust pizza is crossed with a homozygous normal crust, homozygous normal cheese pizza, what are the results?

~ CCEe and CcEe ~ Normal crust and normal cheese

~ Could a colorblind man marry and pass his gene for colorblindness on to his sons? ~ What would be the genotype of a wife (for this man) that would produce only normal visioned sons? ~ Could this man find a wife that would result in daughters that would not carry the gene for color blind vision?

~ No ~ genotypically normal ~ No man has colorblind X

In humans widow's peak and long eyelashes are inherited as autosomal dominant traits. A woman with no widow's peak and long eyelashes, whose mother has short eyelashes, marries a man heterozygous for widow's peak and heterozygous for long eyelashes. ~ What are the genotypes they can produce and the probability for each phenotype?

~ WWLL 25%- long lash widow ~ WwLl 25%- long lash widow ~ wwLL 255- no widow long lash ~ wwll 255- no window short lash

Colorblindness is a sex linked recessive trait. A colorblind woman marries a genotypically normal man. Predict the possible genotypes and probability of phenotypes for all potential offspring.

~ all daughters will be carriers ~ all sons will be colorblind

If a female calico cats mates with a black cat, what are all the possible phenotypes of the kittens?

~ black male ~ orange male ~ calico female ~ black female

Color blindness is a sex-linked recessive. A girl with normal vision whose, father was colorblind, marries a colorblind man. ~ What will be the genotypes and phenotypes of their children?

~ carrier females ~ colorblind females ~ normal males ~ colorblind males ~ and corresponding genotypes

~ What are Barr bodies? ~ How do they affect cat fur color?

~ curled up, inactive X ~ it gives cats a calico/tortoise shell color

Pedigree analysis

~ documents transmission of a particular genetic characteristic over two or more generations ~ reveals whether a trait is dominant or recessive ~ involves procedures of molecular biology

nondisjunction

~ failure of pairs to separate in meiosis 1 ~ failure of sister chromatids to separate in meiosis 2 ~ worst scenario- happens in meiosis 1 and 2

In humans, one type of red-green color blindness is a sex-linked recessive. Normal color vision is dominant to color blindness. ~ Two parents with normal vision produce a colorblind son. What are the genotypes of the parents? ~ What are the chances of their next child being a colorblind girl? ~ What are the chances of their next child being a son with normal vision?

~ mother is carrier dad in normal ~ 0 ~ 50%

What does the law of segregation refer to?

~ separation of traits in meiosis 1 ~ arrangement of tetrads in meiosis 1 ~ separation of chromatids in meiosis 2 ~ chiasmata ~ none of these <--- correct answer