Biology Chapter 13 Punnett Squares

Perform a dihybrid cross of AaBb x AaBb. Provide the phenotypic ratio of the offspring

1 AABB; 2 AAbB; 1 AAbb; 2 AaBB; 4 AaBb; 2 Aabb; 1 aaBB; 2aaBb; 1 aabb

Perform a dihybrid cross of AABB x aabb. Provide the genotypic and phenotypic ratios of the offspring

16 AaBb

How did Mendel's work go against the thinking of inheriting traits during his time?

Dominant traits are those that are inherited unchanged in a hybridization. Recessive traits become latent, or disappear, in the offspring of a hybridization which people didn't believe

Describe what a multiple allele system is

Gene for which three or more alleles persist in a population at relatively high frequency.

Describe Mendel's first law (the Law of Dominance) with an example

Mendel said dominant mask recessive and example would be both parents have brown eyes and none of their children have blue ones.

How is a monohybrid cross performed and what can one predict from it?

a mono hybrid cross crosses parents that have an unknown genotype and they look at the traits of the children

Explain why epistasis is an example of polygenic inheritance

because epistasis cancels out more than one gene

Explain what continuous variation is and how the distribution would appear is plotted on a graph

bell curve;it shows everyone that has that specific trait

When is an allele said to be dominant or recessive?

dominant alleles cover recessive alleles

With suitable examples, describe the effects of epistasis and pleiotropy on inheritance.

epistasis isn't harmful pleiotropy can causes a lot of bad disfunction

Distinguish between genotype and phenotype with an example.

genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism and phenotype is the physical traits, for instance i have blue eyes my genotype would be bb but my phenotype would be blue eyes

Differentiate between homozygous and heterozygous individuals with examples.

homozygous has two dominant/recessive (AA/aa); heterozygous has one dominant and one recessive (Aa)

Describe how a Punnett square is used to predict the results of a genetic cross AND include an illustration

it shows how the genes mix with each other

Describe what a non-binary phenotype is with a suitable example

multiple genes and alleles multi color eyes

Describe what codominance is

occurs when two different alleles occur for a gene- both of which are equally dominant as a result both alleles of the gene are expressed in the phenotype of the organism for example colours of flowers red and white make pink

What are alleles? Draw two alleles on a pair of homologous chromosomes.

one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location.

With at least two different non-human examples, describe how environment affects phenotype.

sea turtles can change their sex based on the environment and fur on rabbits changes with the seasons

State Mendel's third law (the law of independent assortment).

the alleles of two (or more) different genes get sorted into gametes independently of one another

State Mendel's second law (the law of segregation) and use the genotype Tt as an example (show how these alleles are segregated into gametes)

the law of independent assortment states that a pair of traits segregates independently of another pair during gamete formation. As the individual heredity factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together.

What is a locus?

the precise location of a gene on a chromosome

Explain how codominance and multiple allele systems result in the different phenotypes of the human blood typing system

the proteins on our blood cells change the type so you can be A and B if you have both the proteins

Describe what the purpose of a test cross is AND include a Punnett square example for both possibilities of the unknown parent

the purpose of a test cross is to figure out the parents genotype

Explain incomplete dominance with an example.

this means that both traits can be expressed in the same regions, resulting a blending of two phenotypes if a white and black dog produce a gray offspring

Discuss how environment influences mental state in humans.

too many alleles mess with mental health

Describe what polygenic inheritance is and provide an example

when one characteristic is controlled by two or more genes

Explain the purpose of FOIL in setting up the segregation of gametes in a dihybrid cross

you foil in order to get every single gene in the cross