Biology Chapter 21 (Harding)

How does sap move from the sieve tube into a sink? A. by a pump B. by pressure C. by gravity D. by osmosis E. by active transport

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One way to kill a tree is to girdle it by cutting a groove a centimeter into the bark all around the trunk of the tree. The tree will typically survive that growing season, but will die over the winter. Why wouldn't girdling work on a large grass? A. The vascular bundles are in a ring just under the bark. B. The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue. C. Monocots don't have vascular bundles. D. Eudicots don't have vascular bundles. E. Grasses have taproots.

The vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue.

The primary organ of photosynthesis in a plant is the A. leaf. B. stomata. C. bark. D. stem. E. chlorophyll.

leaf.

The concentration of solutes in most soil is lower than the concentration of solutes in root cells, so water enters the roots by A. hydrostatic pressure. B. cohesion. C. adhesion. D. hydrolysis. E. osmosis.

osmosis.

The type of plant cell that provides rigid support and is dead at maturity is a A. sclerenchyma cell. B. sieve tube cell. C. parenchyma cell. D. collenchyma cell. E. guard cell.

sclerenchyma cell.

Nitrogen, in useful form for cells, is made available to plants A. through their stomata. B. through their leaves. C. through their roots. D. through their roots and leaves. E. through their stomata and leaves.

through their roots.

The evaporation of water from the leaf of a plant is A. totally prevented by the leaf's cuticle. B. not affected by temperature. C. condensation. D. transpiration. E. precipitation.

transpiration.

Swollen regions of underground stems that store starch are A. stomata. B. tubers. C. always parasitic. D. rhizomes. E. tendrils.

tubers.

The xylem and phloem are produced by the A. vascular cambium. B. sieve tube. C. vascular bundle. D. mycorrhizal fungi. E. companion cells.

vascular cambium.

If you cut a stalk of celery and put it in a glass of water containing red food coloring overnight, the next morning the celery will be red. The food coloring was taken up through which of the following? A. phloem B. stomata C. xylem D. dermal tissue E. ground tissue

xylem

The ________________ transport(s) water and dissolved minerals from the roots of the plant to the shoots of the plant. A. xylem B. guard cells C. phloem D. epidermis E. stomata

xylem

The products of photosynthesis move from the leaf to other parts of the plant via A. xylem. B. phloem. C. cortex. D. cortex and phloem. E. cortex and xylem.

xylem.

Which of the following is not an element taken in primarily by the roots of the plant? A. nitrogen B. magnesium C. carbon D. phosphorus E. zinc

zinc

In many parts of the Everglades in Florida, excessive irrigation is lowering water levels and allowing salt water to enter the normally freshwater swamps. Why is this a problem for plants that have adapted to life in these swamps? A. The salt competes with minerals for uptake by the plants, limiting their growth. B. Salts bind to nitrogen, preventing it from being taken up. C. The plants cannot move sugars down the xylem if there is salt outside of the roots pulling water out. D. Photosynthesis is inhibited by salt. E. The plant roots cannot take up water if the soil salt concentration is high.

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Scientists measured the pressure in the xylem of redwood trees at different heights and found that the higher they made their measurements, the lower the pressure. They extrapolated this to a pressure of zero, and concluded that the tallest a tree could grow is 122-130 meters. The tallest know tree on Earth is 112.7 meters. Which of the following most likely limits the height of trees? A. the amount of transpiration in leaves B. the amount of photosynthesis in leaves C. the amount of energy needed to pump water to the tops of the trees D. the strength of water cohesion E. the ability to take up CO2

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Scientists measured the pressure in the xylem of redwood trees at different heights and found that the higher they made their measurements, the lower the pressure. They extrapolated this to a pressure of zero, and concluded that the tallest a tree could grow is 122-130 meters. The tallest known tree on Earth is 112.7 meters. What assumption were the scientists making to conclude that when pressure was zero the plant could grow no further? A. Any leaves above that point would not receive sunlight. B. Any leaves above that point would not receive water. C. Stems above that point could not transport sugars in their xylem. D. Transpiration would be less than uptake of water from the xylem. E. The osmotic pressure would be greater than gravity.

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Nitrogen is needed in plants to manufacture A. amino acids. B. proteins. C. nucleic acids. D. chlorophyll. E. All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

The bacterium Rhizobium A. triggers the development of root nodules in legumes. B. enters plants through the root hairs. C. lives symbiotically within plant cells. D. breaks the triple covalent bond in N2. E. All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

The root cap A. protects the meristem from abrasion. B. is located at the tip of the root. C. secretes a lubricant for the growing root. D. plays a role in sensing gravity. E. All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

Using organic matter such as manure or compost for fertilizer A. improves fertility. B. aerates the soil. C. increases the water holding capacity of the soil. D. provides food for beneficial soil microorganisms. E. All answers are correct.

All answers are correct.

Throughout a growing season, a plant uses up to 1000 liters (or kg) of water to produce just 1 kilogram of tissue. What happens to most of the remaining 999 kg of water? A. It is used in the cytoplasm. B. It is used in photosynthesis. C. It is used in hydrolysis reactions. D. It evaporates (transpiration). E. It passes back through the roots into the soil.

It evaporates (transpiration).

Which of the following is not a function of the root of a plant? A. Anchor the plant. B. Produce energy that the plant can use to carry out metabolism. C. Absorb water. D. Absorb mineral nutrients for the plant. E. Form beneficial relationships with microorganisms, thereby increasing the plant's ability to obtain nutrients.

Produce energy that the plant can use to carry out metabolism.

One way to kill a tree is to girdle it by cutting a groove a centimeter into the bark all around the trunk of the tree. The tree will typically survive that growing season, but will die over the winter. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation? A. The phloem was cut, so water and nutrients cannot be taken up to the leaves. B. The xylem was cut, so sugars cannot be transported to the roots. C. The xylem was cut, so water and nutrients cannot be taken up to the leaves. D. Cutting the bark allows access to pathogens that kill the tree. E. The phloem was cut, so sugars cannot be transported to the roots.

The phloem was cut, so sugars cannot be transported to the roots.

A tomato, squash, or bean would be considered a fruit for which reason? A. They contain seeds from a flowering plant. B. They were produced by a flowering plant. C. They can have a color other than green. D. They grow above the ground. E. They can be eaten raw.

They contain seeds from a flowering plant.

The attraction of a molecule of one substance, such as water, to a molecule of another substance, such as cellulose in plant cells walls, is A. adhesion. B. hydrolysis. C. condensation. D. cohesion. E. evaporation.

adhesion.

When preparing slides to look at mitosis, the tips of onion roots are a good source of cells because they contain ______ where mitosis is taking place consistently. A. vascular tissue B. dermal tissue C. All answers are correct. D. apical meristem E. endodermis

apical meristem

The patch of actively dividing cells that is found near the tip of roots and shoots of plants is/are the A. apical meristem only. B. lateral meristem only. C. apical and lateral meristems. D. tracheid. E. vascular bundle.

apical meristem only.

A collective term for all plant tissues outside the vascular cambium is A. mesophyll. B. bark. C. leaf. D. wood. E. cork cambium.

bark.

On a hot sunny day, which of the following would help protect a plant from water loss? A. both cuticle and stomata B. cuticle only C. stomata only D. both cuticle and phloem E. both phloem and stomata

both cuticle and stomata.

The water absorption rate of a plant's roots is greatly increased by A. presence of many stomata only. B. presence of root hairs only. C. both association with mycorrhizal fungi and presence of root hairs. D. association with mycorrhizal fungi only. E. both presence of many stomata and root hairs.

both presence of many stomata and root hairs.

Conducting cells in xylem are A. sieve tube elements only. B. tracheids only. C. both tracheids and vessel elements. D. vessel elements only. E. both tracheids and sieve tube elements.

both tracheids and vessel elements.

If water were being pushed from below, air bubbles in the xylem stream would not pose a problem. However, the observation that air bubbles can interrupt xylem function provides important evidence supporting the _______ theory of water movement. A. gravity-suction B. active transport C. pressure-flow D. osmotic E. cohesion-tension

cohesion-tension

The tendency of water molecules to "cling" together is A. cohesion. B. adhesion. C. hydrolysis. D. condensation. E. evaporation.

cohesion.

The type of plant cell that provides support without interfering with growth and is familiar as the "strings in celery" is a A. sieve tube cell. B. collenchyma cell. C. parenchyma cell. D. sclerenchyma cell. E. guard cell.

collenchyma cell.

A waxy layer secreted by the epidermal cells of a plant is the A. stomata. B. cuticle. C. guard cell. D. xylem. E. phloem.

cuticle.

Home gardeners who grow tomatoes are often told to pinch off axillary buds at nodes to prevent the plants from becoming too bushy. This is consistent with most tomato plants being which of the following? A. monocots B. determinate C. eudicots D. indeterminate

determinate

The innermost layer of the cortex of a plant root is the A. epidermis. B. stoma. C. guard cell. D. endodermis. E. petiole.

endodermis.

A potato stores a lot of starch. Which of the following tissues would you expect to be most abundant in a potato? A. dermal tissue B. vascular tissue C. ground tissue D. equal amounts of ground and dermal tissue E. equal amounts of dermal and vascular tissue

ground tissue

The cells that surround each stoma and control its opening and closing are A. sieve tube cells. B. vascular cells. C. companion cells. D. pith cells. E. guard cells.

guard cells.

Which of the following will not increase the rate of transpiration in a plant? A. high humidity B. low humidity C. high wind speeds D. high temperature E. All answers are correct.

high humidity.

Where would you expect to find sapwood in a cross section of a tree trunk? A. in the center B. just under the bark C. All answers are correct. D. in the bark E. in the roots

just under the bark

The tissue that produces cells to thicken a root or stem is/are the A. apical meristem only. B. apical and lateral meristems. C. tracheid. D. vascular bundle. E. lateral meristem only.

lateral meristem only.

Compound leaves are defined as being divided into A. blades. B. companion cells. C. leaflets. D. stomata. E. lateral meristems.

leaflets.

Internodes of plants are A. located on the stems. B. located on the roots. C. dormant periods of time between rapid growth stages. D. periods of time between releasing of pollen. E. located on the male flower parts.

located on the stems.

Nutrients that an organism needs in fairly large amounts are referred to as A. total nutrients. B. macronutrients. C. micronutrients. D. solid nutrients. E. essential nutrients.

macronutrients.

The source of a plant's new cells is a type of plant tissue called its A. tracheid. B. meristem. C. guard cell. D. cortex. E. mesophyll.

meristem.

Which of the following best describes a compound leaf? A. multiple blades attached to a single petiole B. a single blade attached to a petiole C. a single leaflet attached to a petiole D. multiple leaflets attached to a single petiole

multiple leaflets attached to a single petiole

Commercial fertilizer labels prominently display three numbers which indicate the content of three elements needed by most plants as macronutrients. These elements in number sequence are A. zinc, magnesium, and potassium. B. nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. C. copper, nitrogen, and phosphorus. D. carbon, sulfur, and nitrogen. E. nitrogen, zinc, and copper.

nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

"N" is the chemical symbol for A. nickel. B. neon. C. nitrogen. D. magnesium. E. copper.

nitrogen.

Most carnivorous plants use their prey as a primary source of A. nitrogen. B. energy. C. carbon. D. magnesium. E. potassium.

nitrogen.

The point at which one or more leaves attach to the stem of a plant is a A. petiole. B. internode. C. anther. D. sieve tube. E. node.

node.

During photosynthesis in a leaf, sugars are loaded into the sieve tube by _____ followed by ______ to increase the pressure. A. osmosis, facilitated diffusion B. facilitated diffusion, osmosis C. gravity, active transport D. active transport, osmosis E. osmosis, gravity

osmosis, gravity

In the spring before the leaves come out, maple trees are often tapped to collect sap to make syrup. The sugars were stored in the wood of the tree as starch and then released as temperatures rise above freezing in late winter. Which of the following tissues would contain the starch over the winter? A. xylem B. phloem C. parenchyma tissue D. collenchyma tissue E. roots

parenchyma tissue.

The part of a plant that is the stalk-like support for a leaf is the A. node. B. petiole. C. internode. D. blade. E. companion cell.

petiole.

The ________________ transport(s) dissolved organic compounds such as sugars from the leaves throughout the plant. A. phloem B. guard cells C. xylem D. epidermis E. stomata

phloem

In the spring before the leaves come out, maple trees are often tapped to collect sap to make syrup. The sugars were stored in the wood of the tree as starch and then released as temperatures rise above freezing in late winter. The resulting sucrose is released into the vessels that transport water. Which of the following would a person tap to collect sap from a maple tree? A. phloem B. collenchyma tissue C. xylem D. parenchyma tissue E. roots

phloem.

"P" is the chemical symbol for A. nickel. B. potassium. C. plutonium. D. phosphorus. E. copper.

phosphorus.

In the spring before the leaves come out, maple trees are often tapped to collect sap to make syrup. The sugars were stored in the wood of the tree as starch and then released as temperatures rise above freezing in late winter. Which of the following best describes the original source of the sugars found in the sap? A. photosynthesis during the previous summer B. photosynthesis that winter C. photosynthesis occurring in the spring while the sap is flowing D. breakdown of cellulose in the tree E. absorption from the soil

photosynthesis during the previous summer

If a gardener wanted to help prevent erosion along a slope it would be best to A. plant grasses because they have fibrous roots. B. plant grasses because they have taproots. C. plant trees because they have taproots. D. plant trees because they have fibrous roots.

plant grasses because they have fibrous roots.

The opening and closing of a plant's stomata are regulated by the flow of _____________ ions. A. phosphorus B. magnesium C. copper D. sulfur E. potassium

potassium

"K" is the chemical symbol for A. phosphorus. B. potassium. C. nickel. D. krypton. E. copper.

potassium.

Which of the following is not a function of a stem of a plant? A. storage of starch B. support C. storage of water D. production of pollen E. protection from predators

production of pollen

Stems that grow underground and produce roots and new shoots are A. rhizomes. B. always parasitic. C. stomata. D. tubers. E. tendrils.

rhizomes.

The main vegetative parts of plants include A. roots, flowers, and stems. B. fruits, flowers, and leaves. C. roots, stems, and leaves. D. stems, roots, flowers, leaves, and fruits. E. flowers and fruits only.

roots, stems, leaves

The main phloem-conducting cells are A. tracheids. B. companion cells. C. sieve tube elements. D. vessel elements. E. stomata.

sieve tube elements.

In the pressure flow theory, any part of a plant that does not carry out photosynthesis is a A. source. B. sink. C. reservoir. D. aqueduct. E. companion cell.

sink.

In a deciduous tree found in the north, which two seasons would contribute to tree rings? A. spring and summer B. spring and fall C. winter and spring D. winter and summer E. summer and fall

spring and fall

The ______ and ______ of a plant's leaf help conserve water in a plant. A. root hairs, stomata B. endodermis, stomata C. stomata, cuticle D. endodermis, cuticle E. None of the answers are correct.

stomata, cuticle

Carbon dioxide enters a plant from the atmosphere through pores called A. guard cells. B. companion cells. C. sieve tubes. D. nodes. E. stomata.

stomata.

The pores through which leaves exchange gases with the atmosphere are A. epidermal cells. B. sieve tube elements. C. guard cells. D. petioles. E. stomata.

stomata.

If a plant exhibits determinate growth, the plant A. continues to grow until the environment determines that it cannot. B. produces auxiliary roots to help stabilize the plant. C. sends out tendrils to support the plant. D. stops growing when the plant reaches its mature size. E. produces seeds only at one time during its life.

stops growing when the plant reaches its mature size.

The primary root of a plant that enlarges and persists throughout the life of the plant is the A. fibrous root. B. companion root. C. rhizome. D. stoma. E. taproot.

taproot.

Stems that coil around surrounding objects for support are A. always parasitic. B. tendrils. C. stomata. D. rhizomes. E. tubers.

tendrils.

You drive a nail into a tree that is 10 feet tall, and come back 10 years later. The tree is now 30 feet tall, but the nail is the same distance from the ground. This is because the tree grows up from A. the apical meristem only. B. the lateral meristem only. C. both the lateral and apical meristems. D. the root tip. E. the node.

the apical meristem only.

You drive a nail into a tree that is 10 feet tall, so that 5 inches of the nail are showing. You come back 10 years later. The tree is now 30 feet tall and only 3 inches of the nail are showing. This is because the tree grows out from A. the lateral meristem only. B. the apical meristem only. C. both the lateral and apical meristems. D. the root tip. E. the node.

the lateral meristem only.