Biology chapter 3 study guide

Compare and describe fatty acids and triglycerides

, long term energy storage molecules formed during condensation synthesis between 3 fatty acids and one molecule of glycerol, Large fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acid and one part glycerol

1. Define and recognize examples of organic molecules.

Examples of organic molecules include sucrose, cellulose, triglycerides, phospholipds, proteins and deoxyribonucleic acid. Organic molecules are defined as molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen. They are typically divided into four main classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Define and interrelate the following terms: inorganic compound, monomer, polymer, anabolism*, catabolism*, hydrolysis, dehydration synthesis, monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide, glycerol, fatty acid (saturated and unsaturated), triglyceride, steroid, hydrophobic, and hydrophilic.

Monosaccharide- a simple sugar that is the basic sub-unit of a carbohydrate. Ex:glucose Disaccharide- A double sugar, consisting of two monosacchardes joined by dehydration synthesis. EX: Sucrose Polysaccharide- long polymer chain made up of simple sugar monomers Ex: starch of cellulose catabolism-the breakdown of complex molecules in living organisms to form simpler ones, together with the release of energy; destructive metabolism. anabolism- the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism. saturated fat- has maximum # of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon and has no double bonds in its hydrogen chain unsaturated fat- has hydrocarbon chain tats has one or more double bonds triglyceride is another name for fat

Compare and contrast the four biochemical families, including their subunits, elements comprising each, and their functions.

The carbohydrate group contains sugars, such as sucrose, and starches, such as cellulose. Sugars provide energy to living cells, while starches provide structure. Carbohydrates are the starches and sugars that bodies use for energy. Brains, for example, consume large amounts of glucose with consumption rising in areas of the brain that are the most active. The lipids group contains fats and oils, such as phospolipids and triglycerides. They provide energy and insulation and can act as signaling molecules. Lipids help the body store the energy it needs in the form of fats and oils. Wax, of the type secreted by honeybees, is another form of lipids. Proteins are large polymers that have many functions in living things, such as communication between cells, cell movement, structure and chemistry. Proteins are the workhorses of the body's machinery. Proteins carry out specific functions inside cells, and they act as enzymes to catalyze reactions all over the body. Amylase, lactase and pepsin are all proteins used in digestion, for example. Proteins are typically large molecules that can be built up from chains of amino acids called polypeptides. Nucleic acids contain information needed by the cell. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) carries the genetic code that creates living things. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) codes the DNA into proteins Nucleic acids are central to the function of living cells. Arranged in a linear sequence within DNA, they code for the structure and function of the body's proteins. Nucleic acids also form RNA, which acts to transmit DNA-based instructions to the cellular machinery.

4. Differentiate between the major categories of carbohydrates found in living organisms.

The major categories of carbohydrates found in living organisms are the monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Describe the processes by which living organisms build larger biomolecules from smaller ones (dehydration synthesis) and break down biomolecules into smaller ones (hydrolysis), including the roles of energy and water in each.

dehydration synthesis: duiring this either the hydrogen of one monomer combines with the hydroxyl group of another monomer releasing a molecule of water, or two hydrogens from one monomer combine with one oxygen from the other monomer releasing a molecule of water. The monomers that are joined via dehydration synthesis reactions share electrons and form covalent bonds with each other. dehydration synthesis are the sae regardless of the specific mnomers and the type of polymer the cell is producing. hydrolysis: this is the digestion process. Hydrolysis reactions use water to breakdown polymers into monomers and is the opposite of dehydration synthesis, which forms water when synthesizing a polymer from monomers. It is characterized by the splitting of water molecules to form positively charged hydrogen (H+) and negatively charged hydroxide (-OH). Hydrolysis reactions break bonds and release energy. Dissolving a salt, either of a weak base, weak acid or both, is the most common type of hydrolysis. The water in the reaction ionizes into OH- ions and H+ ions. H+ ions hydrate to form H3O+ ions. The salt also dissociates into positive and negative ions.

fatty acids

simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the body's cells, unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids, building blocks of lipids, Substances produced when fats are digested, Monomer of lipids, long chains carbon chains with hydrogen atoms attached. carboxylic acid group; the carboxyl end accociates with water molecules-hydrophilic portion; hydrocarbon tail is hydrophobic, chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, Unbranched carbon chains that make up most lipids., A long carbon chain carboxylic acid. Fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form fat., simple forms of fat that supply energy fuel for most of the bodys cells, molecules which can combine with glycerol to make fats, Three of these make a triglyceride, along with an alcohol called glycerol, Linear chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (hydrocarbon chains) with an organic acid group at one end. A constituent of fat.