Biology chapter 4 Tissue Level of Organization
The LM at the top of this page is magnified 400 times (400x). If the ocular lens used to make this image has a magnification of 10x, what is the magnification of the objective lens?
40x
Explain why a pseudostratified epithelium is not truly stratified.
Every cell contacts the basal lamina, the distances between the cell nuclei and the exposed surface vary causing an illusion.
Give the term for the "study of tissues."
Histology
Contrast appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage....
Interstitial growth • chondrocytes divide- isogenous groups (a cluster of chondrocytes, all formed through division of a single progenitor cell)• daughter cells produce matrix which pushes cells apart i.e. growth from within Appositional growth • chondroblasts divide in inner layer of the perichondrium • produce matrix • differentiate into chondrocytes i.e. growth by adding to the outer surface
The epithelial cells that are flat, thin and have one layer are called
Squamous
Describe the appearance of simple cuboidal epithelial cells in sectional view....
Square Have central nuclei Distance between adjacent nuclei is roughly equal to height of epithelium
Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably
Stratified Epithelium
The epithelial tissue that covers skin is classified as
Stratified epithelium
List four essential functions of epithelial tissue.
provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions
What type of cells makes up almost half the volume of blood?
red blood cells
The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are
reticular fibers, collagen fibers, elastic fibers
The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of .....(membrane)
serous membrane
What are the four indications of inflammation that occur following an injury?
swelling, redness, warmth, and pain
Goblet cells are classified as
unicellular exocrine glands
Defense cells in blood are called
white blood cells
The three kinds of formed elements in blood are
white cells, red cells, and platelets
Growth of cartilage by accumulation of matrix around chondrocytes is called
appositional growth
DNA mutation and development of cancerous cells are less dangerous in epithelial tissue than in connective tissue because epithelia are
avascular
Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as __________.
enzymes and hormones
What types of phagocytic cells are present in connective tissue proper?
fixed and free macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils
In which of the following are the four tissue types arranged correctly from the highest to lowest percentage of body weight?
muscle tissue (50%), connective tissue (45%), epithelial tissue (3%), nervous tissue (2%)
Bone is .... tissue
osseous
What are mature bone cells in lacunae called?
osteocytes
What is the functional unit of compact bone?
osteon
The watery fluid component of blood is called
plasma
The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the
Simple squamous epithelium.
Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?
Cutaneous
Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product?
Apocrine
Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of _________ tissue
Cardiac muscle
Describe the two primary types of glands.
Endocrine glands release their substances into the interstitial fluid; exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.
The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as
Mesothelium
Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?
Muscle tissue
Organs are made up of different tissues. What tissues are found in skeletal muscles?...
Nervous tissue, connective tissue, and skeletal muscle tissue
Which of the following cellular structures locks the terminal webs of neighboring cells to prevent cell distortion and leakage?
adhesion belt
Which type of loose connective tissue contains primarily lipids?
adipose connective tissue
Why can inflammation occur in any organ in the body?
all organs have connective tissues
The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are
blood and lymph
Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to
bone
Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of
cartilage
Which of the four tissue membranes is relatively waterproof and usually dry?
cutaneous membrane
The _________is the part of a neuron that conducts the signal to other cells.
dendrites
Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are
dense irregular connective tissue
____________ combine to form body membranes that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.
epithelial and connective tissues
A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?
fibrocartilage
Identify the three basic components of connective tissue
ground substance, fibers, cells
Transitional epithelium is found
in the lungs
Identify the two processes in the response to tissue injury
inflammation and regeneration
Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________, while Exocrine gland secretions empty into _______ or onto surfaces.
interstitial fluid, ductless glands, ducts
The three types of connective tissue include
loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and specialize connective tissue
The ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands are covered by
simple cuboidal epithelium
Which type of muscle tissue regulates blood vessel diameter?
smooth muscle tissue
Identify the various types of epithelial intercellular connections.
tight junctions adhesion belts gap junctions desmosomes basal lamina reticular lamina
