Biology chapter 4 Tissue Level of Organization

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The LM at the top of this page is magnified 400 times (400x). If the ocular lens used to make this image has a magnification of 10x, what is the magnification of the objective lens?

40x

Explain why a pseudostratified epithelium is not truly stratified.

Every cell contacts the basal lamina, the distances between the cell nuclei and the exposed surface vary causing an illusion.

Give the term for the "study of tissues."

Histology

Contrast appositional and interstitial growth of cartilage....

Interstitial growth • chondrocytes divide- isogenous groups (a cluster of chondrocytes, all formed through division of a single progenitor cell)• daughter cells produce matrix which pushes cells apart i.e. growth from within Appositional growth • chondroblasts divide in inner layer of the perichondrium • produce matrix • differentiate into chondrocytes i.e. growth by adding to the outer surface

The epithelial cells that are flat, thin and have one layer are called

Squamous

Describe the appearance of simple cuboidal epithelial cells in sectional view....

Square Have central nuclei Distance between adjacent nuclei is roughly equal to height of epithelium

Close examination of an organ reveals a lining of several layers of cells. The layers do not contain any blood vessels and one surface of the cells is open to the internal cavity of the organ. This tissue is probably

Stratified Epithelium

The epithelial tissue that covers skin is classified as

Stratified epithelium

List four essential functions of epithelial tissue.

provide physical protection, control permeability, provide sensation, produce specialized secretions

What type of cells makes up almost half the volume of blood?

red blood cells

The three types of protein fibers in connective tissue are

reticular fibers, collagen fibers, elastic fibers

The reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of .....(membrane)

serous membrane

What are the four indications of inflammation that occur following an injury?

swelling, redness, warmth, and pain

Goblet cells are classified as

unicellular exocrine glands

Defense cells in blood are called

white blood cells

The three kinds of formed elements in blood are

white cells, red cells, and platelets

Growth of cartilage by accumulation of matrix around chondrocytes is called

appositional growth

DNA mutation and development of cancerous cells are less dangerous in epithelial tissue than in connective tissue because epithelia are

avascular

Secretions through a duct might provide ________, whereas ductless secretions act as __________.

enzymes and hormones

What types of phagocytic cells are present in connective tissue proper?

fixed and free macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils

In which of the following are the four tissue types arranged correctly from the highest to lowest percentage of body weight?

muscle tissue (50%), connective tissue (45%), epithelial tissue (3%), nervous tissue (2%)

Bone is .... tissue

osseous

What are mature bone cells in lacunae called?

osteocytes

What is the functional unit of compact bone?

osteon

The watery fluid component of blood is called

plasma

The body's most delicate type of epithelium is the

Simple squamous epithelium.

Which of the following membranes line cavities that communicate with the exterior of the body?

Cutaneous

Which of the following is a type of secretion in which some cytoplasm is lost with the product?

Apocrine

Intercalated discs and striations are characteristic of _________ tissue

Cardiac muscle

Describe the two primary types of glands.

Endocrine glands release their substances into the interstitial fluid; exocrine glands release their secretions into ducts that open onto an epithelial surface.

The epithelium that lines the body cavities is known as

Mesothelium

Which type of tissue contracts to produce movements?

Muscle tissue

Organs are made up of different tissues. What tissues are found in skeletal muscles?...

Nervous tissue, connective tissue, and skeletal muscle tissue

Which of the following cellular structures locks the terminal webs of neighboring cells to prevent cell distortion and leakage?

adhesion belt

Which type of loose connective tissue contains primarily lipids?

adipose connective tissue

Why can inflammation occur in any organ in the body?

all organs have connective tissues

The three major subdivisions of extracellular fluid found in the body are

blood and lymph

Chondrocytes are to cartilage as osteocytes are to

bone

Chondroitin sulfate is abundant in the matrix of

cartilage

Which of the four tissue membranes is relatively waterproof and usually dry?

cutaneous membrane

The _________is the part of a neuron that conducts the signal to other cells.

dendrites

Tissues that provide strength and support for areas subjected to stresses from many directions are

dense irregular connective tissue

____________ combine to form body membranes that cover and protect other structures and tissues in the body.

epithelial and connective tissues

A herniated disc is an injury of the pads of cartilage between the vertebrae in which the cartilage bulges from normal position. What type of cartilage is affected?

fibrocartilage

Identify the three basic components of connective tissue

ground substance, fibers, cells

Transitional epithelium is found

in the lungs

Identify the two processes in the response to tissue injury

inflammation and regeneration

Endocrine glands empty their products into ________ and are referred to as ________, while Exocrine gland secretions empty into _______ or onto surfaces.

interstitial fluid, ductless glands, ducts

The three types of connective tissue include

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, and specialize connective tissue

The ducts of sweat glands and mammary glands are covered by

simple cuboidal epithelium

Which type of muscle tissue regulates blood vessel diameter?

smooth muscle tissue

Identify the various types of epithelial intercellular connections.

tight junctions adhesion belts gap junctions desmosomes basal lamina reticular lamina


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