Biology Chapter 5

made up of a group of organisms of the same species that live together in one place at one time and interbreed

population

relationship in which two species that live in close association with each other

symbiosis

plants defend themselves from herbivores with thorns and spines or with ......

toxic compounds

human population began accelerating exponentially starting in the late

1700s

how many people are in the world?

6 billion

a few ways that science and technology have decreased the death rate of the human population

better sanitation and hygiene, disease control, agricultural technology

Most density-dependent factors that affect population growth are....

biotic

The most important element of population growth is....

birthrate

largest population that an environment can support at any given time

carrying capacity

Back-and-forth evolutionary adjustments between interacting members of an ecosystem are called ________

coevolution

two species have a relationship in which one species benefits and the other is neither harmed or helped

commensalism

Limited resources are the main source of....

competition

Rabbits that were introduced to Australia in the 1850s multiplied so rapidly because they had no _______

competition

When lions and hyenas fight over a dead zebra, their interaction is called....

competition

predation can reduce the effects of ____ among species

competition

one species eliminating another through competition

competitive exclusion

2 possible outcomes of compeition

competitive exclusion, dividing the resources

Density-independent factors are variables that affect a population regardless of the population _______

density

logistic growth affects....

density dependent factors

movement of individuals out of a population

emigration

more births than deaths, J-shaped curve

exponential growth

The entire range of conditions an organism can tolerate is its _________ ________

fundamental niche

the entire range of conditions where an organism or species could survive

fundamental niche

One important part of a population model is the _____ _____

growth rate

the host is....

harmed

Virtually all plants contain toxic compounds that help protect the plants from ______

herbivores

movement if individuals into a population

immigration

When sea stars are kept out of their coastal communities, the population of mussels in the ecosystem ______

increases

in the exponential model of population growth, the growth rate....

increases

a species that is critical to an ecosystem because the species affects the survival and number of many other species in its community

keystone species

An important competition among plants if for the abiotic factor of ______

light

population growth that start with a minimum number of individuals and reaches a maximum depending of the carrying capacity of the habitat

logistic growth

A characteristic of ________ is that they often do not kill their prey because they depend on the prey for food and a place to live

parasitism

one organism feeds on another organism called a host

parasitism

type of predation

parasitism

describe the changes of logistic growth line and what causes the changes

starts slowly b/c population is small. increases quickly b/c plenty of resources. level off as it reaches carrying capacity dur to m=limited resources

Mutualism and commensalism are types of....

symbiosis

a relationship between two species in which both species benefits

mutualism

The unique function of an organism performs in its environment is called its....

niche

the unique position occupied by a species, both in terms of its physical use of its habitat and its function in an ecological community

niche

example of commensalism

orchird and tropical tree

What form of interaction is taking place when a shark devours a seal?

predation

act of one organism killing another for food

predation

The resilience of an ecosystem depends largely on which factors?

predation, competition, biodiversity

as the density of a population increases, the effects of ________,_______,_______ often also increase

predation, starvation, diseases

Explain how the plant toxins in milkweed benefot monarch butterflies

provide food and defense

In the face of competition, an organism may occupy only part of its fundamental niche. That part is called its...

realized niche

the actual niche that a species occupies in a community

realized niche

what makes biodiversity high?`

richness, evenness, genetic diversity

examples of abiotic factors

water, temperature, climate