Biology Chapter 6

Using an input of energy from food molecules, the reactions of cellular respiration produce ______.

ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATP is the overall equation for what process?

aerobic respiration

What step of aerobic respiration generates the most ATP?

Electron transport chain

Krebs cycle

2 ATP

The actual yield of ATP per 1 molecule of glucose that completes aerobic respiration is about ______ ATP.

30

electron transport

34 ATP

theoretical total

36 ATP

During fermentation, ______ reduces pyruvate and is oxidized to NAD+, which can then be used in glycolysis.

NADH

The electron transport chain accepts energy-rich electrons from ______ and ______ produced in the previous reactions of aerobic respiration.

NADH FADH2

The electron transport chain harnesses the potential energy of the molecules ______, which donate electrons to proteins in the electron transport chain.

NADH and FADH2

The rearrangement and oxidation of intermediates in the Krebs cycle transfer electrons to what molecules?

NADH and FADH2

What is the final electron acceptor of aerobic respiration?

Oxygen

What cellular process generates ATP and uses an inorganic molecule other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor of an electron transport chain?

anaerobic respiration

At the beginning of the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA loses its coenzyme, and the two-carbon acetyl group combines with a four-carbon molecule, producing a six-carbon molecule called ______

citrate

cellular respiration

converts the energy in food to an energy-carrying molecule

The folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called ______, and they greatly increase the surface area of the inner membrane.

cristae

Glycolysis occurs in the ______ of all living cells.

cytosol

Krebs cycle in prokaryotes

cytosol

In what pathway is ATP produced in glycolysis but the NADH product of glycolysis does not enter an electron transport chain?

fermentation

Two pathways that cells use to make ATP from glucose without oxygen are anaerobic respiration and ______

fermentation

Cellular respiration harvests the potential energy stored in ______ and uses the energy to make ATP.

food molecules

Before the NADH and FADH2 produced during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are "cashed in" during the electron transport chain, the net number of ATP molecules produced per glucose molecule is ______ molecules.

four

Glycolysis generates ______ ATP molecule(s), but requires an input of ______ ATP molecule(s), producing a net of 2 ATP molecules per glucose.

four; two

Select all the molecules that have stored potential energy and that can be used in aerobic respiration to generate ATP

proteins carbohydrates lipids

The polysaccharides starch and glycogen can be broken down into what monomer that enters the cellular respiration pathway?

glucose

Select all of the following that are required for glycolysis to occur.

glucose ATP

Aerobic respiration captures energy from the oxidation of ______ and reduction of ______ and stores the captured energy in the bonds of ATP.

glucose; oxygen

Select all the food molecules that can be broken down into glucose monomers, which enter aerobic respiration at the beginning of glycolysis.

glycogen starch

Select all of the following that are biochemical pathways of aerobic cellular respiration.

glycolysis Krebs cycle electron transport chain

Rank the 3 groups of reactions of aerobic respiration in the order they occur, beginning with the first stage of cellular respiration at the top. Position 1 of 3 electron transport chain incorrect toggle button unavailable electron transport chain Position

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, Electron transport chain

In the electron transport chain, electrons are shuttled through a series of membrane proteins, which creates a gradient of _____

hydrogen ions.

Glycolysis can occur _____

in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

ATP

supplies power to almost all cellular activities requiring energy

electron transport in eukaryotes

inner mitochondrial membrane

The area between the outer and inner membranes of a mitochondrion is called the ______ compartment.

intermembrane

photosynthesis

uses light energy to produce food in the form of glucose

The fluid enclosed by the inner membrane of a mitochondrion is called the ______

matrix

Krebs cycle in eukaryotes

mitochondrial matrix

Pyruvate is the product of glycolysis, and after it moves into the ______, it is oxidized to form ______, which enters the Krebs cycle.

mitochondrial matrix; acetyl CoA

When carbohydrate supplies are depleted in cells, amino acids from proteins can enter aerobic respiration after ______ is removed from the amino acids and excreted.

nitrogen

The reactions of the Krebs cycle ______ citrate as they produce ______

oxidize; CO2, NADH, and FADH2

In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor, ______, combines with hydrogen ions to form water.

oxygen

glycolysis

produces 4 ATP but requires 2 ATP; so net 2 ATP are produced

The ______ established by the electron transport chain powers the production of ATP using the enzyme ATP synthase

proton gradient

The ______ established by the electron transport chain powers the production of ATP using the enzyme ATP synthase.

proton gradient

Enzymes separate the glycerol and fatty acids of fats in food molecules; then the glycerol is converted to ______, which is able to enter aerobic respiration.

pyruvate

In glycolysis, a glucose molecule is split into two molecules of ______, and energy is harvested as ATP and NADH.

pyruvate

ATP synthase is an enzyme that forms a channel for hydrogen ions to diffuse across a membrane and power the formation of ______

ATP

The potential energy stored in food (such as glucose) is used by all organisms to make the energy-carrying molecule called ________ which powers cellular activity.

ATP

Select all of the following that have been produced from the original glucose molecule after glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the Krebs cycle occur, but before molecules enter the electron transport chain.

ATP NADH CO2 FADH2

What enzyme uses the energy of a proton gradient to add a phosphate to ADP?

ATP synthase

Anaerobic respiration and fermentation are two pathways that generate ______ in the absence of ______.

ATP; oxygen

Select all of the following that are products in the overall equation for aerobic respiration.

CO2 (carbon dioxide) ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Aerobic cellular respiration requires that ______ diffuses out of cells and ______ diffuses into cells.

CO2; O2

True or false: Glucose is the only food molecule that can enter the pathways of aerobic respiration and lead to the production of ATP.

False

During which step of aerobic respiration is glucose split into two 3-carbon molecules?

Glycolysis

Select all of the molecules that are reactants of glycolysis.

NAD+ glucose

In aerobic respiration, what process produces CO2, ATP, and electron carrier molecules?

Krebs cycle

In eukaryotes, the oxygen-requiring reactions of aerobic cellular respiration occur in cellular organelles called _____

Mitochondria

Select all of the following that are produced during the pathway of alcoholic fermentation.

NAD+ CO2 ethanol

Select all of the following that can be a final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration.

SO42- NO3-

True or false: The potential energy stored in glucose cannot be removed all at once or it will cause destruction of the cell.

True

The fatty acids of fat molecules are converted into two-carbon molecules called ______, which can enter the Krebs cycle of aerobic respiration.

acetyl CoA

What product of pyruvate oxidation enters the Krebs cycle?

acetyl CoA

Select all of the molecules that amino acids can be converted to when entering the energy pathways of cellular respiration

acetyl CoA an intermediate in the Krebs cycle pyruvate

The Krebs cycle produces ATP, NADH, FADH2, and releases ______, which contains the carbon atoms remaining from the original 6-carbon glucose molecule.

carbon dioxide

electron transport in prokaryotes

cell membrane

Alcoholic fermentation produces a molecule called ___

ethanol.