Biology Chapter 8 Study Guide
What is the function of the b6-f complex?
To pump protons in the thylakoid space
How many different types of photosystems are found in chloroplasts?
Two
Which of the following wavelengths of light are preferentially absorbed by chlorophyll molecules?
Violet-blue Red
Do C4 and CAM plants also use C3 photosynthesis?
Yes, both C4 and CAM plants also use C3 photosynthesis
The ______ diagram describes the energy transitions of electrons as they move through the ______ reactions.
Z ; light
A graph depicting the efficiency of photon absorption by a pigment molecule as a function of photon wavelength is known as the ______.
absorption spectrum of the pigment
The ____ spectrum of photosynthesis shows the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in promoting photosynthesis.
action
In a photosystem, the ____ complex captures light energy and passes it to the ____ center where electrons are transferred out of the photosystem.
antenna or light-harvesting reaction
The wavelength of visible light is _______.
between 400-740 nm
C4 plants use the C4 pathway to produce CO2 in the ____-____ cells; this maintains a high concentration of CO2 in those cells minimizing photorespiration losses.
bundle sheath
The first stage of photosynthesis is
capturing energy from the sunlight.
The formation of organic molecules from carbon dioxide is called
carbon fixation
During photosynthesis light energy is converted to ____ energy, a form of potential energy that all organisms can use.
chemical
ATP is synthesized during the fourth stage of the thylakoid reactions, also known as the ____ stage
chemiosmosis
Green plants utilize ____ a and b to absorb light energy in photosynthesis.
chlorophyll
In photosynthesis, ____ molecules preferentially absorb violet-blue and red light.
chlorophyll
The first two stages of photosynthesis require light and are commonly known as the light-____ reactions.
dependent
Both PEP carboxylase and rubisco can fix carbon dioxide. However, PEP carboxylase
does not bind oxygen.
Protons are pumped across the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast during the ____ stage of the thylakoid (or light-dependent) reactions.
electron transport
In the reaction center, ____ (is)are transferred out of the photosystem.
electrons
In the reaction center,____ (is)are transferred out of the photosystem.
electrons
In the light-harvesting complex of the chloroplast, it is excitation ____ , not the electrons themselves, that pass from one pigment molecule to the next.
energy
In the light-harvesting complex of the chloroplast, it is excitation _____, not the electrons themselves, that pass from one pigment molecule to the next.
energy
In the process of carbon ____, carbon dioxide is incorporated into a molecule of ribulose biphosphate forming an unstable 6 carbon intermediate that immediately splits into two 3-carbon molecules.
fixation
Longer wavelength radiation contains ____ energy per unit time than shorter wavelength radiation.
less
Similar to other pigments, carotenoids assist photosynthesis by capturing energy from ____, however, they absorb wavelengths that are not efficiently absorbed by ____. In addition, they scavenge ____
light chlorophylls free radicals
In the reaction center of PSII, chlorophyll removes an electron from an atom of ____, which in turn removes an electron from an ____ atom in a water molecule.
manganese oxygen
Which of the following are the two types of reactions that rubisco can catalyze using RuBP as a substrate?
oxidation carboxylation
The process by which plants capture light energy and use it to synthesize carbohydrates is called
photosynthesis
The accessory pigments found in cyanobacteria are
phycobiliproteins
The enzyme that catalyzes the reduction of NADP+ to NADPH in chloroplasts is called NADP
reductase
When light strikes a pigment, some wavelengths are absorbed and some are reflected. For instance, a leaf that appears green to the eye ____ green wavelengths of light.
reflects
The abbreviation, RuBP, stands for ____ 1,5-bisphosphate.
ribulose
The abbreviation, RuBP, stands for ____, 1,5-bisphosphate.
ribulose
The electromagnetic ____ encompasses all possible wavelengths of electromagnetic radiation.
spectrum
The range and efficiency of photons that a pigment molecule is capable of absorbing constitute its characteristic absorption
spectrum
The chloroplast's ____ contains enzymes needed to assemble organic molecules from CO2.
stroma
Most plants transport the fixed carbon in the form of the transport sugar
sucrose.
Once a photon is captured by the light harvesting complex, the pigments in it transfer
the energy of excited electrons but not electrons themselves.
The splitting of water, the transfer of high energy electrons from PSII to PSI, and the generation of NADPH all contribute to
the generation of a H+ gradient.
The ____ membrane of a chloroplast contains pigment molecules, including chlorophyll.
thylakoid
The function of the b6-f complex is to pump protons into the ____ space.
thylakoid
A Z diagram illustrates how many electron-energizing steps?
two
In photosynthesis, CO2 is reduced using electrons from the oxidation of ____; in respiration, glucose is ____ to CO2 using O2 as the final electron _____.
water oxidized acceptor
The ____ nature of light produces an electromagnetic spectrum.
wave
Which of the following colors are attributed to carotenoid pigments?
yellow orange red
Which of the following represent the phases of the Calvin cycle?
(1) carbon fixation; (2) reduction and carbohydrate production; (3) regeneration of ribulose bisphosphate
How many molecules of reduced ferredoxin are needed to make one molecule of NADPH during photosynthesis in plants?
2
If the Calvin cycle is performed 12 times, it will produce ____ net molecule(s) of G3P.
4
The human eye can detect light wavelengths between ____ and ____ nm, which represents the visible light range of the electromagnetic spectrum.
400 740
During the splitting of water by PSII, ______ manganese atoms and ______ water molecules are bound to the reaction center.
4; 2
What happens during the chemiosmosis stage of the thylakoid reactions?
ATP is synthesized.
The electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem II is used to generate ______, while the electron transport chain directly associated with photosystem I is used to generate ______.
ATP; NADPH
Why do hot and dry conditions favor photorespiration?
Because plants close their stomata, inhibiting CO2 uptake and increasing the O2 concentration in leaves.
Why is the Calvin cycle also known as C3 photosynthesis?
Because the first molecule in the cycle has 3 carbon atoms.
Why does CO2 enter CAM plants at nighttime?
Because the stomata of CAM plants are only open at night
How do carotenoids assist in the photosynthetic process?
By capturing light wavelengths that are not efficiently absorbed by chlorophylls.
Plants that only fix carbon using the Calvin cycle are also known as ____ plants.
C3
The Calvin cycle is also known as ____ photosynthesis because the first molecule produced as a molecule of CO2 is fixed, is a compound with ____ carbon atoms.
C3 three
Which of the following is a difference between C4 and CAM plants?
C4 plants use C3 photosynthesis in different cells, while CAM plants use C3 photosynthesis at certain times.
Which of the following are used by green plants to absorb light energy?
Chlorophyll b Chlorophyll a
In the reaction center which of the following excited subatomic particles are transferred to an acceptor?
Electrons
What does the stroma of the chloroplast contain?
Enzymes needed for carbon fixation.
What is transferred out of the reaction center?
Excited electrons.
Choose all three statements about Rubisco.
It is a large enzyme made of 16 subunits. It works very slowly. It might be the most abundant protein on Earth.
Which of the following happens to the molecule formed by the addition of carbon dioxide to ribulose bisphosphate?
It is immediately split into two more stable three carbon molecules.
Which of the following are the three stages of photosynthesis in plants?
Making ATP and NADPH Capturing energy from the sunlight Using ATP and NADPH to produce organic compounds from CO2
During the electron transport stage of the thylakoid reactions electrons are shuttled along a series of electron carrier molecules, eventually reaching the final acceptor. This final acceptor is
NADP+
Which of the following is made during the light-dependent stages of photosynthesis?
NADPH
Which of the following is the source of electrons used to reduce C-O bonds in the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
Which product of the light reactions of photosynthesis is the source of electrons in the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
Which of the following are necessary for carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle?
NADPH ATP
Both CO2 and ___ can bind to the active site of rubisco, together with RuBP.
O2
Which of the following is associated with the reaction center of PS II?
P680
Photosystem I contains the pigment
P700
The pyruvate formed by C4 plants diffuses back into the ______ cells, where it is converted back into _____ to be used in another C4 fixation reaction.
PEP mesophyll
Which photosystem's main function is to generate high-energy electrons for the synthesis of ATP?
Photosystem II
____ are pigments found in cyanobacteria and some algae that can absorb wavelengths of light that are reflected by chlorophyll.
Phycobiliproteins
The first stage of the thylakoid (or light-dependent) reactions is the
Primary photoevent
In noncyclic photophosphorylation, how much of each product is synthesized?
Roughly equal amounts of ATP and NADPH
In the Calvin cycle CO2 is attached to an organic molecule abbreviated as
RuBP or PGA
Which of the following occur during hot and dry conditions?
Rubisco's oxidation activity is favored. Oxygen builds up in leaves. Stomata close and reduce the intake of CO2
Plants using the energy from the sun make ATP and NADPH during which stage of photosynthesis?
Second
Which of the following statements about radiation is TRUE?
Shorter-wavelength radiation carries more energy per unit of time than longer-wavelength radiation.
What is the name for the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in promoting photosynthesis?
The action spectrum
Which of the following processes contribute to the generation of a proton electrochemical gradient during photosynthesis?
The movement of electrons from PSII to PSI The splitting of water
Which of these statements are true about the relationship between photosynthesis and cell respiration?
The products of cell respiration are the reactants of photosynthesis. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cell respiration.
Which of the following membranes contains pigments in a green plant?
The thylakoid membrane
How are the equation for photosynthesis in plants and the equation for cellular respiration related?
They are the reverse of each other.