Biology EOC Pt. 4 THE FINALE

Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a __:__:__ ratio.

1:2:1

Plants are ___________ because they produce their own food.

Autotrophs.

When a species evolves to look like its surrounding environment.

Camoflage

The burning of fossil fuels by cars and factories has most affected the ______________ cycle.

Carbon.

What two processes fuel the carbon cycle?

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

What are lipids?

Fats, oils, and waxes.

In the carbon cycle, carbon is stored in _________ _______ and is released when they are burned because of human activity.

Fossil fuels.

Animals are ___________ because they consume other organisms

Heterotrophs.

During the replication process, polymerase proofreads the DNA molecule so that few mistakes or ___________ occur.

Mutations.

The process of converting the genetic message from DNA into amino acids is called _____________.

Transcription.

What is a keystone species?

A species that is very important to an ecosystem, without it, the ecosystem would fail.

___________ _______________ includes the Krebs cycle and electron transport.

Aerobic respiration.

Proteins are made of ________________________, and the sequence of these determine how the protein will fold up and take shape, which ultimately determines it's function.

Amino acids.

What compound is a REUSABLE, complex protein that speeds up chemical reactions?

An enzyme.

Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for plants and animals. Phosphorus normally occurs in nature as part of a phosphate ion (PO4)3. Unlike many other biogeochemical cycles, the _____________ does/do not play a significant role in the movement of phosphorus.

Atmosphere

If the ratio of affected individuals is about 50% male and 50% female then the disease is _____________.

Autosomal.

In a typical cell membrane, phospholipids arrange themselves to form a

Bilayer.

The increasing concentration of toxic substances in organisms as trophic levels in a food chain or web. Like pesticides or fertilizer.

Biological magnification.

For the carbon cycle and the nitrogen cycle to function properly, which organisms must always be present?

Decomposers

Catalysts will ______________ activation energy of a reaction.

Decrease.

________________ ______________ in the soil can break down the ammonia into the gaseous form of nitrogen which is not available by plants or animals.

Denitrificating bacteria

The process by which a species evolves into two or more descendant or different forms; also, the process of tracing two or more species back to a common ancestor

Divergent evolution.

If a disorder is ___________, then one of the parents must have the disorder to pass it on to their offspring.

Dominant

What is an example of a protein?

Enzymes

In cells, __________ are proteins that are needed to lower the amount of energy required to start chemical reactions.

Enzymes.

What can the phosphorus cycle cause?

Eutrophication.

Changes in the DNA sequence, or mutations, help drive what?

Evolutionary change.

What is overexploitation?

Excessive use of species that have economic value.

An anaerobic process where the first stage of cellular respiration in which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate.

Glycolysis.

What is indirect economic value?

Green plants providing oxygen and remove carbon dioxide. Natural processes provide drinking water that is safe for human use.

What is the separation of an ecosystem into small pieces of land. The smaller parcel of land, the fewer species it can support.

Habitat fragmentation.

At the end of meiosis II, how does the DNA in each of the four new cells compare to the DNA from the original cell?

Half as much and genetically different from the original

The regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions needed for life. (Ex. Sweating to maintain body temperature when overheated.)

Homeostasis.

What is direct economic value?

Humans depending on plants and animals for food, clothing, energy, medicine, and shelter.

An organism that is heterozygous for a specific trait is a __________.

Hybrid.

Where does the carbon cycle begin?

In the atmosphere.

The first stage of the cell cycle, during which a cell grows, matures, and replicates its DNA.

Interphase.

A series of reactions in which pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide inside the mitochondria of cells.

Krebs cycle (also known as the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the citric acid cycle).

Symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an alga or a photosynthetic partner.

Lichen.

Catalysts increase the rate of a reaction by?

Lowering the activation energy of a reaction.

A large molecule formed by joining smaller organic molecules together.

Macromolecules. (Remember: Macro means large)

A mutation may be passed along to human offspring through what process only?

Meiosis.

What process accounts for species diversity?

Meiosis.

Which phase of meiosis do pairs of homologous chromosomes move to the equator?

Metaphase I.

When a species evolves to look like another species for protection or other advantages.

Mimicry

Because of their function, we would expect muscle cells to have a large number of which cellular organelle?

Mitochondria

What is the difference between an animal and a plant cell?

Plant cells have chloroplasts, a cell wall, and larger vacuoles. Animal cells have vacuoles but much smaller than in a plant cell and they have centrioles and cilia.

A ___________ in DNA can result in dysfunctional protein production.

Point mutation.

What are the tropic levels in order?

Producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer. (remember: plant/producer, herbivore, omnivore, carnivore, detrivore)

What organic molecule functions to help speed up biological chemical reactions?

Proteins.

If a disorder is ___________, then neither parent has to have the disorder, they just have to carry it.

Recessive.

In a pedigree chart, a ____________ disease affects individuals every other generation.

Recessive.

What cell structures causes the outer surface of the rough endoplasmic reticulum to appear rough?

Ribosomes

If a disease is _____-_________, then most if not all affected individuals will be male.

Sex-linked (Also known as X-linked because it is carried on the X chromosome).

What are the steps in the Scientific Method?

1.) Make an observation 2.) Form a question 3.) Form a hypothesis 4.) Conduct an experiment 5.) Analyze data 6.) Draw conclusions

What is the outcome when a cell undergoes meiosis?

4 nonidentical haploid cells.

What is the chemical equation for photosynthesis? (The opposite for cellular respiration).

6CO2+6H2O -----Light Energy-----> C6H12O6+6O2 Carbon dioxide and water ---Light Energy---> (produces) Sugar and oxygen.

Where does the phosphorus cycle begin?

Stored in rocks and sediment and then made into fertilizer.

Benedict's reagent is an indicator for the presence of ______________ in solution.

Sugar.

What are carbohydrates?

Sugars and starch

What organelle breaks down sugars for cellular energy?

The mitochondria.

Where is the site for cellular respiration?

The mitochondria.

What is species diversity?

The number of different species and the relative abundance of each species in a biological community.

Females with a ____________ trait must have a father with the trait.`

recessive

____________ _____________ is the process whereby organisms not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments or ecological niches.

Convergent evolution

Genetic material is exchanged in Prophase I of meiosis during ____________ _______.

Crossing over.

The third main stage of the cell cycle, during which the cell's cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

Cytokinesis.

Enzyme that catalyzes synthesis of new DNA molecules.

DNA polymerase.

What are nucleic acids?

DNA, RNA, and ATP

Cell division in which the sister chromatids do not separate correctly, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes (cause of down syndrome)

Nondisjunction.

Cells, cells, made of _____________.

Organelles.

Aerobic processes require __________.

Oxygen.

Plants have a cell wall made of cellulose. What is the function of the cell wall in plants?

The cell wall provides structure to the cell.

What is ecosystem diversity?

The variety of ecosystems that are present in the biosphere.

What is genetic diversity?

The variety of genes or inheritable characteristics that are present in a population.