Biology Exam 3

All viruses are made up of two components. What are they?

A protein capsid and genetic material, in the form of either RNA or DNA

_____ is any substance that produces a specific immune response by the body. Antigens are usually proteins or large carbohydrates that are specific to pathogens such as bacteria and viruses.

Antigen

Occurs when there are small changes in the surface spikes of the influenza virus. This is an example of _____.

Antigenic drift

Evidence suggests that the climate of the United States is currently stable and will not change until the year 2050.

False.

Antigens are

Foreign molecules that bind to white blood cells through specialized receptors, leading to the proliferation of lymphocytes

A product of photosynthesis, ________ is a carbon-based molecule that is the chief source of energy for most organisms.

Glucose.

Which of the following ingredients in an influenza vaccine helps the immune system identify the flu virus?

Aluminum salts.

Over the past several decades, the overall trend for earth's temperatures has been

Increases in overall global temperatures at an accelerating rate, a phenomenon known as global warming.

Which of the following is not directly associated with an increase in global temperatures?

Increases in the frequency of tornadoes.

In which of the following does histamine cause capillary beds to be leaky, thus slowing the movement of pathogens into a wound?

Inflammatory response.

A virus has been identified as H7N9. Based on this information, which class of virus would it belong to?

Influenza A.

The greenhouse effect

Is caused by gases such as carbon dioxide trapping heat in the earth's atmosphere.

How does climate change affect earth's oceans?

The pH level of the ocean will shift to a more acidic environment, leading to stress and the possible extinction of many species of shellfish and corals.

Why is the influenza virus a good model for the study of evolution?

The virus is responsible for a human disease / The genetic material of influenza changes quickly / The virus reproduces rapidly.

What do all greenhouse gases have in common?

They have complex structures that allow them to contribute to the greenhouse effect by trapping heat energy.

Giant viruses are challenging the historical notion that viruses are nonliving things. What characteristic do giant viruses possess that make scientists think twice about their classification?

They have the ability to manufacture their own proteins without the help of a host cell

The light reactions of photosynthesis occur within the ________ of the chloroplast and the Calvin cycle reactions occur within the ________ of the chloroplast.

Thylakoid and stroma.

Mosquitoes and ticks are called vectors because they have the ability to transmit a disease between individuals.

True.

The inputs to the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis include which of the following?

Water and Sunlight.

Which of the following are considered to be greenhouse gases?

Water vapor, Carbon dioxide, Methane.

Which of the following sources of alternative energy have the ability to be used almost anywhere on the planet?

Wind / Solar.

Which of the following carbon reservoirs do members of the biosphere exchange carbon with regularly?

The atmosphere.

When two different forms of a virus infect the same cell, the host cell may manufacture viral particles from both viruses to reassemble them into a new form of virus. This process is called _____.

Antigenic shift

The activities of macrophages

Are part of the nonspecific response against disease and stimulate phagocytic neutrophils

Antiviral medications target which aspects of the viral life cycle?

Attachment / Uncoating / Release.

What is the correct sequence of events in viral reproduction?

Attachment, penetration, biosynthesis, maturation, and release

Which of the following is a characteristic of all living things?

All living things maintain a constant internal environment

Which of the following are greenhouse gases?

Methane and carbon dioxide.

Which process produces changes in the genetic material?

Mutation

Which of the following acts as a carbon source within the carbon cycle?

A respiration from humans and animals.

Which of the following is a component of a virus?

Capsid / DNA or RNA

_____ act as an alarm to the organ systems of the body, alerting them that a pathogen is present.

Cytokines

Which of the following is only true of RNA, but not DNA?

Adenine pairs with uracil

In which of the following processes does atmospheric carbon get combined with energy to form carbohydrates?

Calvin cycle.

Because fossil fuels are the remains of once living organisms, they contain reservoirs of ________ that are released into the atmosphere when they are burned.

Carbon.

Which of these is the best description of a virus?

Chemical complexes of RNA or DNA protected by a protein shell

The average temperature and precipitation of an area are referred to as its:

Climate.

Research for a universal flu vaccine tends to focus on ...

Core proteins, as they do not mutate as rapidly as H and N spikes and they tend to be similar between different influenza strains.

Normally, the flow of information in a cell is in which direction?

DNA to RNA to protein.

Homologous structures represent which form of evidence supporting the theory of evolution?

Embryonic development / Comparative anatomy

Which of the following types of cells would a flu virus most likely target as the means of entry into the body?

Epithelial cells lining the respiratory system

Influenza viruses target which types of cells in the body?

Epithelial cells.

Which process best describes how viruses may originate in animals and eventually be transmitted to humans, causing outbreaks?

Evolution

Getting a flu vaccine guarantees individuals will not get the flu.

False

The consequences of global climate change may be completely eliminated solely through the development of new technologies.

False.

Antigenic shift involves:

Formation of new combinations of H and N spikes on the virus / A single host cell being infected by viruses from two different animals / A slower adaptation by the immune system.

Tiktaalik and Archaeopteryx are associated with which type of evidence of evolution?

Fossil.

As global temperatures increase, which of the following scenarios is most likely to happen?

Glaciers and snow coverage decreases.

How do greenhouse gases cause climate warming?

Greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the earth's surface and causing the climate to warm.

Which of the following is required for the formation of a fossil fuel?

High temperatures and Organic remains of plants and animals.

Which of the following is the most likely cause for the sudden sharp increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels?

Human activities, including the use of fossil fuels, changes in agricultural practices, and deforestation.

The symptoms associated with the flu are largely the result of a reaction by which body system?

Immune system.

Climate change has already caused which of the following at the individual and species levels?

Increased extinction rates / Increased exposure to diseases from mosquito vectors.

Which of the following statements are correct regarding the element carbon?

It is absorbed from the atmosphere via the process of photosynthesis in plants / If forms long chains called hydrocarbons / It is involved in the formation of organic molecules.

Which of the following statements are true concerning evolution?

It is the unifying theme in the study of biology / It is the result of heritable changes in the DNA.

Which of the following statements are correct concerning the influenza A virus?

Its genetic material is RNA / The virus uses H and N spikes to target its host cell.

In the _____ cycle, following penetration into the cell, the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA. the virus remains inactive (or latent).

Lysogenic

The cycle of viral infection that will rapidly result in the death of a bacterial cell is called the _____ cycle.

Lytic

Which of the following is present on the surface of everybody cell (with a nucleus) to identify self?

MHC-I

Invasive species:

May be introduced accidentally by humans / Disrupt local biological communities / Can adapt to changing environmental conditions.

The major sources of this greenhouse gas are agriculture and the decay of organic material.

Methane.

Which of the following are correct regarding antigenic drift?

Mutations may be introduces by action of the RNA polymerase enzyme / It may result in a reduced fidelity for flu vaccines / It is due to minor mutations in the structure of the H and N spikes

Which of the following is not considered to be a clean form of alternative energy?

Nuclear power.

The production of carbonic acid occurs as a result of increased carbon dioxide concentrations in which of the following?

Oceans.

Carbon sinks are reservoirs that hold large amounts of carbon. Which of the following are considered to be carbon sinks?

Oceans/Fossil fuels deep underground/the atmosphere.

Which of the following is/are true about natural selection?

On average, if favors the survival of individuals that have adaptive characteristics

Which of the following produces antibodies?

Plasma cells.

Which of the following methods of producing a vaccine does not require use of the entire influenza virus?

Recombinant method.

Which of the following contribute to your individual carbon footprint?

Recycling options / Transportation choices / Energy choices / Food choices.

Which of the following produces immune system cells?

Red bone marrow.

With regard to food choices, a diet that contains more locally grown vegetables would do what to your carbon footprint?

Reduce your overall footprint.

Tamiflu specifically targets which part of the influenza virus life cycle?

Release.

Which of the following is the enzyme that converts viral RNA to DNA in the host cell?

Reverse transcriptase.

Which of the following forms of geoengineering proposes increasing the reflectivity of the planet so that more solar radiation is reflected back into space?

SRM.

Refer to Figure 3.10. An increase in the temperature of a grassland, with no change in the precipitation patterns, would result in it changing into which type of biome?

Savanna

Climate can best be described as...

The average weather patterns in a given area over long periods of time.

Which of the following levels of biological organization represents the sum of all of the locations where life may be found on the planet?

The biosphere.

Why are new flu vaccinations required for each new flu season?

The flu virus mutates frequently enough that last year's vaccination will no longer target current circulating flu strains

Which statement below best summarizes the overall purpose of the light-dependent reactions?

The light-dependent reactions capture the energy from the sun and transfer it to high-energy molecules.