Biology final

All of the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and a orange-eyed mendelian have black eyes. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two orange-eyed mendelians

0 black-eyes; 1 orange-eyed

A man homozygous for blood type A marries a woman that has blood type O. The chance that their first child will have blood type O blood is______

0%

8. in the figure, if individual II-2 marries a person with the same genotype as individual II-2, what is the chance that one of their children will be afflicted with color-blindness

25%

Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple's first-born child will be female and their second-born child will be male?

25%

If a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes (XRXr) crossed with a red-eyed male (XRY), what percent of their offspring will have white eyes

25%

We would expect that a 15 nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of

4 amino acids

When one DNA molecule is copied to make 2 DNA molecules, the new DNA contains

50% of the parent DNA

If "A" is dominant to "a" and "B" is dominant to "b", what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross: AaBb x AaBb

9:3:3:1

Which structure in Fig 11-3 would attract a free cytosine nucleotide

A

What phenotype is depicted by the blood type IAIB

AB blood

Suppose you are given a protein containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. use the portion of genetic code given to determine which of the following contains a DNA sequence that codes for this amino acid sequence (pic)

ATGGGTCTATATACG

what is the relationship between individual II-2 and individual III-2 in the figure

Aunt- nephew

Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from_____and their energy from_____

CO2....reactions involving inorganic chemicals

(pic of crayfish

D

Which part of this figure shows tube feet of this starfish

D

Which structure in Fig 11-3 does not contain a nitrogenous base

D

If the left end of the daughter strand indicated in the figure is being synthesized in one continuous piece, the

DNA and point C is being synthesized in one continuous piece

What enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand

DNA polymerase

What is not needed in order for translation to occur

DNA template

What best depicts the flow of info when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component

DNA to RNA to protein

What statement regarding DNA is false

DNA uses the nitrogenous base Uracil

Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele "d". The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is "D", Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes

Dd and Dd

(pic of mRNA genetic code) The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA given are

GAG-UUC-ACG-AAG

(pic of mRNA genetic code) what would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand gives was made

GAGTTCACGGAAG

If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be

GCCATG

Barry Marshall and his collaborators showed that

Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause chronic gastritis and stomach ulcers

(Pic mRNA genetic code) What is the portion of the portion molecule coded for by the piece of mRNA given

Leu-Lys-Cys-Phe

during transcription

RNA is produced

What enzymes catalyzes the linking together of RNA nucleotides to form RNA

RNA polymerase

What is a false statement about DNA

RNA uses the sugar dextrose

What nucleotide sequence matches with ACTGT

TGACA

Which of the following is a parasitic excavate that causes African sleeping sickness, a disease spread by the tsetse fly

Trypanosoma

Which variations of sentence "where is the cat" is most like a chromosomal election

Where is cat

If Charles got married and starts a family, what kind of chromosomal abnormalities might be found in his children

XXY

A true coelom is best described as

a body cavity that is fully lined by tissues derived from the mesoderm

A monohybrid cross is

a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character

A pair of sex chromosomes found in human male is most like

a bride and groom

You are asked to culture unidentified sample of animal tissue. Notice that cells seem to fail to exhibit density dependent inhibition. Source of tissue most likely

a cancer

You collect a protist from a rotting log and grow it in a petri dish containing E. Coli, which it engulf. For a while the protist multiply as single cells. Then the E. Coli run short, and the protists aggregate to form a clump, which rises up to become a stalked structure with a globular head. What kind of protist have you got?

a cellular slime mold

A bacterium living in an underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes. What is it

a chemoheterotroph

The way that genetic material of a bacteriophage enters a bacterium is most like the way that

a drug is injected with a hypodermic needle

Which shows greatest promise as cancer chemotherapy agent

a drug that prevents mitotic spindle from forming

Craniates are chordates that all possess

a head

a testcross is

a mating between an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest

Typical animal embryos have________,or external layer, and___________,which lines the digestive tract

a mesoderm....a gastrula

Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called

a mutation

What feature is unique in chordates

a notochord

What type of cell is shown

a plant cell is telophase

Which animals display radial symmetry

a sea anemone

A typical sponge is describes as

a sessile suspension feeder with no true tissues/body symmetry

With Exception of identical twins, siblings biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, because they have

a similar but not identical combination of genes

A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray finned fishes is

a skeleton made of cartilage

What is a characteristic of all vertebrates

a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae

_________marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop

a terminator

The shape of a DNA molecule is most like

a twisted rope ladder

Which is a unique feature of echinoderms

a water vascular system

Which is false

an X chromosome is an autosome

What adaptations allow reptiles to complete their life cycles on land

an amniotic egg

Which item demonstrates radial symmetry

an apple pie

Independant orientation of chromosome at metaphase 1 results in

an increase in number of possible combinations of characteristics

An organism that can fly and has an exoskeleton must be

an insect

Which of the following statements is false

an mRNA molecule transcribed from DNA is shorter than the genetic message it carries

Unlike sharks and rays, ray finned fishes have

an operculum

By far the largest number of extant fish species on earth have

an operculum and swim bladder

which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false

an organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait

during which stage of meiosis could this nondisjunction have occurred

anaphase II

You find a wormlike, soft bodied adult animals in a mud flat. It is bilaterally symmetrical, is segmented, has a true coelom, and a complete digestive tract. Based on these characteristics, what phylum does the animals represent

annelida

A dogs head is at its______end and its belly is its______surface

anterior....ventral

The 3 diseases that represent high-priority threats as biological weapons today are

anthrax, plague, and botulinum toxin

Diatoms

are autotrophs with a glassy cell wall that contains silica

Most animals alive today

are choanoflagellates

All animals

are heterotrophic

Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they

are housed in a membrane enclosed nucleus

Mature numan nerve cells and muscle cells

are permanently in a state of non division

Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum

arthropoda

The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the

arthropoda

Walking in a basement you hear a crunching noise and notice that you have killed a small animal. You look closely and see part of a segmented body and a few jointed appendages twitching. What phylum does this animal represent

arthropoda

Creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without participation of sperm and egg is called

asexual reproduction

strictly speaking, the phase "like begets like" refers to

asexual reproduction only

Sister chromatids are joined together

at the centromere

In secondary endosymbiosis, an______became endosymbiotic in a______

autotrophic eukaryotic protist...heterotrophic eukaryotic protist

Rod shaped bacteria are called

bacilli

The symmetry of echinoderms generally includes

bilaterally symmetrical larvae and radially symmetrical adults

Flatworms are_________and typically have______

bilaterally symmetrical...gastrovascular cavity with opening

Which mollusc group includes primarily sedentary animals that use mucus-coated gills to trap fine food particles

bivalves

Kept, a seaweed that is anchored to the sea floor by rootlike structures and can grow to heights of 60 m, is a kind of

brown alga

How is sex determined in most ants and bees

by the number of chromosomes

Karyotyping

can reveal alterations in chromosome number

A protein coat enclosing a viral genome is known as a

capsid

. for the trait being followed in the pedigree in the figure, individuals II-1 and II-4 can be classified as

carriers

Which of the following statements regarding cell division is false

cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes

Which occurs during interphase

cell growth and duplication of chromosomes

What groups include both spiders and horseshoe crab

chelicerates

the bacteria used in this bioremediation procedure are

chemoheterotrophs

The largest group of prokaryotes is the_______, which obtain both energy and carbon from________

chemoheterotrophs...organic molecules

Plasmodium, the organism that causes malaria, is a

chromalveolate

While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an umbrella shaped translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! you feel a burning sensation where it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong

cnidaria

The expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual illustrates

codominance

All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelian have black eyes. This means that the allele for black eyes is_______the allele for orange eyes

codominant alleles

When checkered chickens are mated, 25% of the offspring are black, 50% are checkered, and 25% are white. This trait is one controlled by

codominant alleles

What options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation

codon recognition to peptide bond formation to translation to termination

Plasmodial slime molds

contain many nuclei in one mass of cytoplasm

Which statement regarding differences between mitosis and meiosis is false

crossing over is a phenomenon that creates a genetic diversity during mitosis

Process where cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell divides 2 produce two cells

cytokinesis

When animals cells are grown in Petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of dish. This arrest of division is example of

density-dependent inhibition

Eukaryotes are______prokaryotes

dependent upon

according to current scientific thinking, tue multicellular organisms

descend from several different kinds of unicellular protists. Which became multicellular through specialization and cooperation among cells within a colony

Which of the following groups include organisms that are a key source of food in all aquatic environments and whose fossilized forms are used as a filter and as a grinding and polishing agent

diatoms

Which of the following groups included the protists that reside within the cells of corals

dinoflagellates

To be characterized as a chordate, an organism must

display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in their life cycles

Organisms with true radial symmetry

do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary/passive drifters

Prokaryotes are classified into

domain bacteria and domain archaea

Which of the following statements regarding down syndrome is false

down syndrome is least likely to be seen in infants of mothers over 40

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that

each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation

What statements best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms

ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature

Many species of which protist group have modified mitochondria that lack functional electron transport chains

excavates

___________are toxic proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria, whereas________are toxic components of the outer membrane of gram-negative pathogens

exotoxins....endotoxins

Because the gene for Hemophilia is located on the X chromosome, it is normally not possible for a___

father to pass the gene on to his daughter

based on the scenario, the pesticide-eating bacteria probably evolved from species that

feed on molecules with a chemical structure similar to pesticides

Which of the following options correctly pairs a structure with its functions in prokaryotic cells

fimbriae=help prokaryotes stick to each other and to other surfaces

The traits that are unique to insects and have probably contributed to their diversity and success include

flight, short generation times, and complex life cycles including complete metamorphosis

Which types of organisms commonly demonstrates polyploidy

flowering plants

Which two groups of protists product hard mineralized skeletal structures or cell walls that contribute to marine sediments and form fossils

foraminiferans and radiolarians

Which is a feature of plant cell that distinguishes it from animal cell division

formation of cell plate

Without crossing over

genetic recombination could not occur

The individual features of all organisms are the result of

genetics and their environment

One difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is

gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls

Mammals

have hair and mammary glands

Most adult insects have three major body sections they are the

head, thorax, abdomen

A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be________to transmit it to offspring

heterozygous for the trait and able

At chiasms, two______ are attracted to each other

homologous/sister chromatids

What bird adaptation is probably less well developed in flightless birds such as penguins and ostriches

honeycombed bone structure

Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells

in the cytoplasm

Imagine that beak color in the finch species is controlled by a single gent. You mate a finch homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak with a finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of

incomplete dominance

the type of inheritance shown when a red-flowering plant is crossed with a blue-flowering plant and only purple-flowering plants produced is________

incomplete dominance

all the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This mean that the allele for red flowers is____to the allele for white flowers

incompletely dominant

conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all ways that bacteria

increase their genetic diversity

What occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA

initiation of a new RNA molecule

Both mitosis and meiosis are preceded by

interphase

Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in what phase

interphase

If a chromosome fragment breaks off and reattaches to original chromosome, but in reverse direction, resulting chromosomal abnormality is called

inversion

Conjugation

is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another

In what way does the green alga Ulva resemble land plants

it has a complex life cycle with alterations between multicellular diploid and haploid generations

What is the function of a tRNA molecule

joining to only one specific types of amino acid

What organisms is an example of marsupial

kangaroo

Lampreys differ from fishes in that Lampreys

lack jaws

The duck billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they

lay eggs

What is meant by the statement that "male bees are fatherless"

male bees develop from unfertilized eggs

In genetic code

many amino acids are specified by more than one codon

dinoflagellates are best described as

marine and freshwater algae that can produce harmful red tides

Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is false

meiosis provides for asexual reproduction

nondisjunction occurs when

members of a chromosome pair fail to separate

Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because

men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed

Intestinal gas is evidence of active______in one's digestive system

methanogens

Which of the following is a member of the domain Archaea

methanogens

Which statement about functions of Mitosis is false

mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity

Which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders

most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce

The blood types A, B, AB, and O are the result of_________inheritance

multiple allelic

Protists include

multiple clades of eukaryotes with some lineages more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi that they are to other protists

A physical or chemical agent that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called

mutagen

X-rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of DNA are classified as

mutagens

A bilaterally symmetrical, wormlike animals that has a pseudocoelom a complete digestive tract, and a cuticle could be a member of which phyla

nematoda

If these 4 cells resulted from cell division of a single cell with diploid chromosomal number 2n=4, what describes what just occurred

nondisjunction

Most people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were

not affected with the disease

The flexible, longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in chordates is called the

notochord

The monomers of DNA and RNA are

nucleotides

Asexual reproduction requires_________individual

one

How many generations does it take to develop a new plant species by polyploidy

one

How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete

one

What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male

one X chromosome and one Y chromosome

Which must occur for plant/animal to grow and develop normally

organism must be able to control timing and rate of cell division in different parts of body

Which of the following statements best represents the theory of pangenesis developed by Hippocrates

particles called pangenesis, which originate in the sperm or egg and are passed on to the next generation

Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on

peas

Unlike archaean and eukaryotic cell walls, bacterial cell walls contain a unique substance called

peptidoglycan

Karyotype is most like

photographs of every couple at high school prom

Which of the following is probably the main factor responsible for phenomenon of density-dependant inhibition

physical contact of cell-surface proteins between adjacent cells

Feature likely accounts for differences between plant and animal cell cytokinesis

plant cells have cell walls

Which is false regarding prokaryotes

prokaryotes chromosomes are more complex than those of eukaryotes

Phase mitosis during mitotic spindle begins to worm

prophase

Which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occurs

prophase I

_______are heterotrophic protists; ___________are photoautotrophic protists

protozoans.....algae

Which of the following cellular structures is a characteristic of amoebas

pseudopodia

figure 9.3A. Which plants in this figure must all be heterozygous

purple-flowered plants in the F1 generation

Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by

recessive alleles

There is a good chance you will eat carrageenan today and that you will eat nori at some point in you life, if you haven't already. In either case, you will be eating a product of

red algae

What kind of virus is HIV

retrovirus

What enzymes does HIV use to synthesize DNA on an RNA template

reverse transcriptase

Which of the following causes food poisoning and typhoid fever

salmonella

The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called

sex chromosomes

in the figure, what type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols illustrate

sex-linked

multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to

shorten the time necessary for DNA replication

Independant orientation of chromosomes at metaphase 1 and random fertilization are most like

shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker

Prior to mitosis, each chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called

sister chromatids

Which option correctly describes behavior of tetrad during anaphase 1 of meiosis

splits into 2 pairs of sister chromatids, one pair goes to each pole of dividing cell

Which state of the life cycle shown in the sporophyte (figure 16.20c)

stage A

The term for a close association between organisms of two or more species is

symbiosis

Which phase of mitosis does nuclear envelope re-form

telophase

An unknown bacterial species is recovered from a sick patient's digestive tract. It has a membrane outside the cell wall that contains toxic lipids. This observation indicated

that the infected may be quite threatening and difficult to control because the pathogen is a gram-negative species

How would the shape of a DNA molecule change if adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine

the DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length

Genetic material is duplicated during

the S phase

Imagine that we mate 3 black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that 3 of the puppies are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with normal vision and another is black with PRA (progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that_________________

the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation

Which of the following statements regarding DNA double helix is always true

the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine

Which statement regarding cell cycles control is false

the cell cycle control system operates independently of the growth factors

At state of mitotic anaphase

the centromeres of each chromosome come apart

Cancer is not usually inherited because

the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells

What takes place during translation

the conversion of gentic into from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins

Which feature characterizes the lytic cycle of a viral infection

the cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell

Which statement regarding cnidarians is true

the digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called gastrovascular cavity

A child is diagnosed with a rare genetic disease, Neither parent has the disease. How might the child have inherited the disorder

the disorder is recessive and carried by both parents

"The dog did not eat". Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutations?

the dod idn ote at.

"The dog did not eat" what variation of the sentence is most like a base substitution mutation

the doe did not eat

The "one gene-one polypeptide" theory states that

the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide

Which of the following statements regarding cross-breeding and hybridization is false?

the hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation

In protostomes

the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth

Which statement about deuterostomes is true

the opening that forms during deuterostomes gastrulation becomes anus

What is a false statement about ribosomes

the ribosome of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the same in structure and function

the alleles of a gene are found at_______chromosomes

the same locus on homologous

How do sponges transport nutrients within their bodies

their mobile amoebocytes transport food molecules from cell to cell

The direction for each amino acid is a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of_______nucleotides in an RNA molecule

three

Prokaryotic cell walls function

to prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment

The transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA is

transcription

What is a false statement about the flow of genetic info

transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as

true-breeding

What animals are ectothermic

turtles and lizards

DNA replication

uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand

The copying mechanism of DNA is most like

using a photographic negative to make a positive image

What Is a false statement about viral disease

very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great

What shows the steps of a viral infection in the proper order

virus locates host cell. penetrates cell membrane. enters nucleus. alters host cell dna, host cell produces copies of virus

_______are chromalveolate that commonly are found decomposing dead animals in freshwater habitats

water molds

HIV does the greatest damage to

white blood cells

Using a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling either a 5 or 6

⅙ + ⅙ = ⅓