Biology final
All of the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and a orange-eyed mendelian have black eyes. What is the expected phenotypic ratio of a cross between two orange-eyed mendelians
0 black-eyes; 1 orange-eyed
A man homozygous for blood type A marries a woman that has blood type O. The chance that their first child will have blood type O blood is______
0%
8. in the figure, if individual II-2 marries a person with the same genotype as individual II-2, what is the chance that one of their children will be afflicted with color-blindness
25%
Assuming that the probability of having a female child is 50% and the probability of having a male is also 50%, what is the probability that a couple's first-born child will be female and their second-born child will be male?
25%
If a female fruit fly heterozygous for red eyes (XRXr) crossed with a red-eyed male (XRY), what percent of their offspring will have white eyes
25%
We would expect that a 15 nucleotide sequence ending with a stop codon will direct the production of a polypeptide that consists of
4 amino acids
When one DNA molecule is copied to make 2 DNA molecules, the new DNA contains
50% of the parent DNA
If "A" is dominant to "a" and "B" is dominant to "b", what is the expected phenotypic ratio of the cross: AaBb x AaBb
9:3:3:1
Which structure in Fig 11-3 would attract a free cytosine nucleotide
A
What phenotype is depicted by the blood type IAIB
AB blood
Suppose you are given a protein containing the following sequence of amino acids: tyrosine, proline, aspartic acid, isoleucine, and cysteine. use the portion of genetic code given to determine which of the following contains a DNA sequence that codes for this amino acid sequence (pic)
ATGGGTCTATATACG
what is the relationship between individual II-2 and individual III-2 in the figure
Aunt- nephew
Chemoautotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from_____and their energy from_____
CO2....reactions involving inorganic chemicals
(pic of crayfish
D
Which part of this figure shows tube feet of this starfish
D
Which structure in Fig 11-3 does not contain a nitrogenous base
D
If the left end of the daughter strand indicated in the figure is being synthesized in one continuous piece, the
DNA and point C is being synthesized in one continuous piece
What enzymes catalyzes the elongation of a new DNA strand
DNA polymerase
What is not needed in order for translation to occur
DNA template
What best depicts the flow of info when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component
DNA to RNA to protein
What statement regarding DNA is false
DNA uses the nitrogenous base Uracil
Dr. Smith's parents have normal hearing. However, deafness is a recessive trait that is associated with the abnormal allele "d". The normal allele at this locus, associated with normal hearing, is "D", Dr. Smith's parents could have which of the following genotypes
Dd and Dd
(pic of mRNA genetic code) The anticodons for the codons in the mRNA given are
GAG-UUC-ACG-AAG
(pic of mRNA genetic code) what would represent the strand of DNA from which the mRNA strand gives was made
GAGTTCACGGAAG
If one strand of DNA is CGGTAC, the corresponding strand would be
GCCATG
Barry Marshall and his collaborators showed that
Helicobacter pylori bacteria cause chronic gastritis and stomach ulcers
(Pic mRNA genetic code) What is the portion of the portion molecule coded for by the piece of mRNA given
Leu-Lys-Cys-Phe
during transcription
RNA is produced
What enzymes catalyzes the linking together of RNA nucleotides to form RNA
RNA polymerase
What is a false statement about DNA
RNA uses the sugar dextrose
What nucleotide sequence matches with ACTGT
TGACA
Which of the following is a parasitic excavate that causes African sleeping sickness, a disease spread by the tsetse fly
Trypanosoma
Which variations of sentence "where is the cat" is most like a chromosomal election
Where is cat
If Charles got married and starts a family, what kind of chromosomal abnormalities might be found in his children
XXY
A true coelom is best described as
a body cavity that is fully lined by tissues derived from the mesoderm
A monohybrid cross is
a breeding experiment in which the parental varieties differ in only one character
A pair of sex chromosomes found in human male is most like
a bride and groom
You are asked to culture unidentified sample of animal tissue. Notice that cells seem to fail to exhibit density dependent inhibition. Source of tissue most likely
a cancer
You collect a protist from a rotting log and grow it in a petri dish containing E. Coli, which it engulf. For a while the protist multiply as single cells. Then the E. Coli run short, and the protists aggregate to form a clump, which rises up to become a stalked structure with a globular head. What kind of protist have you got?
a cellular slime mold
A bacterium living in an underground septic tank thrives by absorbing organic compounds from decomposing wastes. What is it
a chemoheterotroph
The way that genetic material of a bacteriophage enters a bacterium is most like the way that
a drug is injected with a hypodermic needle
Which shows greatest promise as cancer chemotherapy agent
a drug that prevents mitotic spindle from forming
Craniates are chordates that all possess
a head
a testcross is
a mating between an individual homozygous recessive for the trait of interest
Typical animal embryos have________,or external layer, and___________,which lines the digestive tract
a mesoderm....a gastrula
Any change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called
a mutation
What feature is unique in chordates
a notochord
What type of cell is shown
a plant cell is telophase
Which animals display radial symmetry
a sea anemone
A typical sponge is describes as
a sessile suspension feeder with no true tissues/body symmetry
With Exception of identical twins, siblings biological parents are likely to look similar, but not identical, because they have
a similar but not identical combination of genes
A key derived character of sharks and rays that distinguishes them from ray finned fishes is
a skeleton made of cartilage
What is a characteristic of all vertebrates
a skull and a backbone consisting of vertebrae
_________marks the end of a gene and causes transcription to stop
a terminator
The shape of a DNA molecule is most like
a twisted rope ladder
Which is a unique feature of echinoderms
a water vascular system
Which is false
an X chromosome is an autosome
What adaptations allow reptiles to complete their life cycles on land
an amniotic egg
Which item demonstrates radial symmetry
an apple pie
Independant orientation of chromosome at metaphase 1 results in
an increase in number of possible combinations of characteristics
An organism that can fly and has an exoskeleton must be
an insect
Which of the following statements is false
an mRNA molecule transcribed from DNA is shorter than the genetic message it carries
Unlike sharks and rays, ray finned fishes have
an operculum
By far the largest number of extant fish species on earth have
an operculum and swim bladder
which of the following statements regarding genotypes and phenotypes is false
an organism with two different alleles for a single trait is said to be homozygous for that trait
during which stage of meiosis could this nondisjunction have occurred
anaphase II
You find a wormlike, soft bodied adult animals in a mud flat. It is bilaterally symmetrical, is segmented, has a true coelom, and a complete digestive tract. Based on these characteristics, what phylum does the animals represent
annelida
A dogs head is at its______end and its belly is its______surface
anterior....ventral
The 3 diseases that represent high-priority threats as biological weapons today are
anthrax, plague, and botulinum toxin
Diatoms
are autotrophs with a glassy cell wall that contains silica
Most animals alive today
are choanoflagellates
All animals
are heterotrophic
Eukaryotic chromosomes differ from prokaryotic chromosomes in that they
are housed in a membrane enclosed nucleus
Mature numan nerve cells and muscle cells
are permanently in a state of non division
Animals that are segmented and have jointed appendages and an exoskeleton are members of the phylum
arthropoda
The most numerous, diverse, and widespread animals are the
arthropoda
Walking in a basement you hear a crunching noise and notice that you have killed a small animal. You look closely and see part of a segmented body and a few jointed appendages twitching. What phylum does this animal represent
arthropoda
Creation of genetically identical offspring by a single parent, without participation of sperm and egg is called
asexual reproduction
strictly speaking, the phase "like begets like" refers to
asexual reproduction only
Sister chromatids are joined together
at the centromere
In secondary endosymbiosis, an______became endosymbiotic in a______
autotrophic eukaryotic protist...heterotrophic eukaryotic protist
Rod shaped bacteria are called
bacilli
The symmetry of echinoderms generally includes
bilaterally symmetrical larvae and radially symmetrical adults
Flatworms are_________and typically have______
bilaterally symmetrical...gastrovascular cavity with opening
Which mollusc group includes primarily sedentary animals that use mucus-coated gills to trap fine food particles
bivalves
Kept, a seaweed that is anchored to the sea floor by rootlike structures and can grow to heights of 60 m, is a kind of
brown alga
How is sex determined in most ants and bees
by the number of chromosomes
Karyotyping
can reveal alterations in chromosome number
A protein coat enclosing a viral genome is known as a
capsid
. for the trait being followed in the pedigree in the figure, individuals II-1 and II-4 can be classified as
carriers
Which of the following statements regarding cell division is false
cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes
Which occurs during interphase
cell growth and duplication of chromosomes
What groups include both spiders and horseshoe crab
chelicerates
the bacteria used in this bioremediation procedure are
chemoheterotrophs
The largest group of prokaryotes is the_______, which obtain both energy and carbon from________
chemoheterotrophs...organic molecules
Plasmodium, the organism that causes malaria, is a
chromalveolate
While wading in the ocean, you look down into the water and notice an umbrella shaped translucent animal. It swims by pulsing its body, and long tentacles trail behind it. One of them brushes your leg. Ouch! you feel a burning sensation where it touched you. To what phylum does this creature probably belong
cnidaria
The expression of both alleles for a trait in a heterozygous individual illustrates
codominance
All the offspring of a cross between a black-eyed mendelien and an orange-eyed mendelian have black eyes. This means that the allele for black eyes is_______the allele for orange eyes
codominant alleles
When checkered chickens are mated, 25% of the offspring are black, 50% are checkered, and 25% are white. This trait is one controlled by
codominant alleles
What options most accurately lists the sequence of events in translation
codon recognition to peptide bond formation to translation to termination
Plasmodial slime molds
contain many nuclei in one mass of cytoplasm
Which statement regarding differences between mitosis and meiosis is false
crossing over is a phenomenon that creates a genetic diversity during mitosis
Process where cytoplasm of eukaryotic cell divides 2 produce two cells
cytokinesis
When animals cells are grown in Petri dish, they typically stop dividing once they formed a single, unbroken layer on the bottom of dish. This arrest of division is example of
density-dependent inhibition
Eukaryotes are______prokaryotes
dependent upon
according to current scientific thinking, tue multicellular organisms
descend from several different kinds of unicellular protists. Which became multicellular through specialization and cooperation among cells within a colony
Which of the following groups include organisms that are a key source of food in all aquatic environments and whose fossilized forms are used as a filter and as a grinding and polishing agent
diatoms
Which of the following groups included the protists that reside within the cells of corals
dinoflagellates
To be characterized as a chordate, an organism must
display each of the four key characteristics of the chordates at some point in their life cycles
Organisms with true radial symmetry
do not have a distinct head region and tend to be sedentary/passive drifters
Prokaryotes are classified into
domain bacteria and domain archaea
Which of the following statements regarding down syndrome is false
down syndrome is least likely to be seen in infants of mothers over 40
Mendel's law of independent assortment states that
each pair of alleles segregates independently of the other pairs of alleles during gamete formation
What statements best summarizes the difference between ectothermic and endothermic organisms
ectotherms absorb external heat, but endotherms use metabolic heat to maintain a warm, steady body temperature
Many species of which protist group have modified mitochondria that lack functional electron transport chains
excavates
___________are toxic proteins secreted by pathogenic bacteria, whereas________are toxic components of the outer membrane of gram-negative pathogens
exotoxins....endotoxins
Because the gene for Hemophilia is located on the X chromosome, it is normally not possible for a___
father to pass the gene on to his daughter
based on the scenario, the pesticide-eating bacteria probably evolved from species that
feed on molecules with a chemical structure similar to pesticides
Which of the following options correctly pairs a structure with its functions in prokaryotic cells
fimbriae=help prokaryotes stick to each other and to other surfaces
The traits that are unique to insects and have probably contributed to their diversity and success include
flight, short generation times, and complex life cycles including complete metamorphosis
Which types of organisms commonly demonstrates polyploidy
flowering plants
Which two groups of protists product hard mineralized skeletal structures or cell walls that contribute to marine sediments and form fossils
foraminiferans and radiolarians
Which is a feature of plant cell that distinguishes it from animal cell division
formation of cell plate
Without crossing over
genetic recombination could not occur
The individual features of all organisms are the result of
genetics and their environment
One difference between gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is
gram-positive bacteria have more peptidoglycan in their cell walls
Mammals
have hair and mammary glands
Most adult insects have three major body sections they are the
head, thorax, abdomen
A carrier of a genetic disorder who does not show symptoms is most likely to be________to transmit it to offspring
heterozygous for the trait and able
At chiasms, two______ are attracted to each other
homologous/sister chromatids
What bird adaptation is probably less well developed in flightless birds such as penguins and ostriches
honeycombed bone structure
Where do transcription and translation occur in prokaryotic cells
in the cytoplasm
Imagine that beak color in the finch species is controlled by a single gent. You mate a finch homozygous for orange (pigmented) beak with a finch homozygous for ivory (unpigmented) beak and get numerous offspring, all of which have a pale, ivory-orange beak. This pattern of color expression is most likely to be an example of
incomplete dominance
the type of inheritance shown when a red-flowering plant is crossed with a blue-flowering plant and only purple-flowering plants produced is________
incomplete dominance
all the offspring of a cross between a red-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant have pink flowers. This mean that the allele for red flowers is____to the allele for white flowers
incompletely dominant
conjugation, transformation, and transduction are all ways that bacteria
increase their genetic diversity
What occurs when RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter DNA
initiation of a new RNA molecule
Both mitosis and meiosis are preceded by
interphase
Eukaryotic cells spend most of their cell cycle in what phase
interphase
If a chromosome fragment breaks off and reattaches to original chromosome, but in reverse direction, resulting chromosomal abnormality is called
inversion
Conjugation
is the direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another
In what way does the green alga Ulva resemble land plants
it has a complex life cycle with alterations between multicellular diploid and haploid generations
What is the function of a tRNA molecule
joining to only one specific types of amino acid
What organisms is an example of marsupial
kangaroo
Lampreys differ from fishes in that Lampreys
lack jaws
The duck billed platypus and other monotremes differ from other mammals in that they
lay eggs
What is meant by the statement that "male bees are fatherless"
male bees develop from unfertilized eggs
In genetic code
many amino acids are specified by more than one codon
dinoflagellates are best described as
marine and freshwater algae that can produce harmful red tides
Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is false
meiosis provides for asexual reproduction
nondisjunction occurs when
members of a chromosome pair fail to separate
Sex-linked conditions are more common in men than in women because
men need to inherit only one copy of the recessive allele for the condition to be fully expressed
Intestinal gas is evidence of active______in one's digestive system
methanogens
Which of the following is a member of the domain Archaea
methanogens
Which statement about functions of Mitosis is false
mitosis allows organisms to generate genetic diversity
Which of the following statements best explains why dominant alleles that cause lethal disorders are less common than recessive alleles that cause lethal disorders
most individuals carrying a lethal dominant allele have the disorder and die before they reproduce, whereas individuals carrying a lethal recessive allele are more likely to be healthy and reproduce
The blood types A, B, AB, and O are the result of_________inheritance
multiple allelic
Protists include
multiple clades of eukaryotes with some lineages more closely related to plants, animals, or fungi that they are to other protists
A physical or chemical agent that changes the nucleotide sequence of DNA is called
mutagen
X-rays, ultraviolet light, and radioactive substances that can change the chemical nature of DNA are classified as
mutagens
A bilaterally symmetrical, wormlike animals that has a pseudocoelom a complete digestive tract, and a cuticle could be a member of which phyla
nematoda
If these 4 cells resulted from cell division of a single cell with diploid chromosomal number 2n=4, what describes what just occurred
nondisjunction
Most people afflicted with recessive disorders are born to parents who were
not affected with the disease
The flexible, longitudinal rod that is located between the digestive tract and the nerve cord in chordates is called the
notochord
The monomers of DNA and RNA are
nucleotides
Asexual reproduction requires_________individual
one
How many generations does it take to develop a new plant species by polyploidy
one
How many sex chromosomes are in a human gamete
one
What is the normal complement of sex chromosomes in a human male
one X chromosome and one Y chromosome
Which must occur for plant/animal to grow and develop normally
organism must be able to control timing and rate of cell division in different parts of body
Which of the following statements best represents the theory of pangenesis developed by Hippocrates
particles called pangenesis, which originate in the sperm or egg and are passed on to the next generation
Mendel conducted his most memorable experiments on
peas
Unlike archaean and eukaryotic cell walls, bacterial cell walls contain a unique substance called
peptidoglycan
Karyotype is most like
photographs of every couple at high school prom
Which of the following is probably the main factor responsible for phenomenon of density-dependant inhibition
physical contact of cell-surface proteins between adjacent cells
Feature likely accounts for differences between plant and animal cell cytokinesis
plant cells have cell walls
Which is false regarding prokaryotes
prokaryotes chromosomes are more complex than those of eukaryotes
Phase mitosis during mitotic spindle begins to worm
prophase
Which stage of meiosis do synapsis and crossing over occurs
prophase I
_______are heterotrophic protists; ___________are photoautotrophic protists
protozoans.....algae
Which of the following cellular structures is a characteristic of amoebas
pseudopodia
figure 9.3A. Which plants in this figure must all be heterozygous
purple-flowered plants in the F1 generation
Most genetic disorders of humans are caused by
recessive alleles
There is a good chance you will eat carrageenan today and that you will eat nori at some point in you life, if you haven't already. In either case, you will be eating a product of
red algae
What kind of virus is HIV
retrovirus
What enzymes does HIV use to synthesize DNA on an RNA template
reverse transcriptase
Which of the following causes food poisoning and typhoid fever
salmonella
The 23rd pair of chromosomes that differ in males and females are called
sex chromosomes
in the figure, what type of inheritance pattern does the trait represented by the shaded symbols illustrate
sex-linked
multiple origins of replication on the DNA molecules of eukaryotic cells serve to
shorten the time necessary for DNA replication
Independant orientation of chromosomes at metaphase 1 and random fertilization are most like
shuffling cards and dealing out hands of poker
Prior to mitosis, each chromosomes of a eukaryotic cell consists of a pair of identical structures called
sister chromatids
Which option correctly describes behavior of tetrad during anaphase 1 of meiosis
splits into 2 pairs of sister chromatids, one pair goes to each pole of dividing cell
Which state of the life cycle shown in the sporophyte (figure 16.20c)
stage A
The term for a close association between organisms of two or more species is
symbiosis
Which phase of mitosis does nuclear envelope re-form
telophase
An unknown bacterial species is recovered from a sick patient's digestive tract. It has a membrane outside the cell wall that contains toxic lipids. This observation indicated
that the infected may be quite threatening and difficult to control because the pathogen is a gram-negative species
How would the shape of a DNA molecule change if adenine paired with guanine and cytosine paired with thymine
the DNA molecule would have irregular widths along its length
Genetic material is duplicated during
the S phase
Imagine that we mate 3 black Labrador dogs with normal vision and find that 3 of the puppies are like the parents, but one puppy is chocolate with normal vision and another is black with PRA (progressive retinal atrophy, a serious disease of vision). We can conclude that_________________
the alleles for color and vision segregate independently during gamete formation
Which of the following statements regarding DNA double helix is always true
the amount of adenine is equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of guanine is equal to the amount of cytosine
Which statement regarding cell cycles control is false
the cell cycle control system operates independently of the growth factors
At state of mitotic anaphase
the centromeres of each chromosome come apart
Cancer is not usually inherited because
the chromosomal changes in cancer are usually confined to somatic cells
What takes place during translation
the conversion of gentic into from the language of nucleic acids to the language of proteins
Which feature characterizes the lytic cycle of a viral infection
the cycle typically leads to the lysis of the host cell
Which statement regarding cnidarians is true
the digestive and circulatory compartment of cnidarians is called gastrovascular cavity
A child is diagnosed with a rare genetic disease, Neither parent has the disease. How might the child have inherited the disorder
the disorder is recessive and carried by both parents
"The dog did not eat". Which of the following variations of this sentence is most like a reading frame mutations?
the dod idn ote at.
"The dog did not eat" what variation of the sentence is most like a base substitution mutation
the doe did not eat
The "one gene-one polypeptide" theory states that
the function of an individual gene is to dictate the production of a specific polypeptide
Which of the following statements regarding cross-breeding and hybridization is false?
the hybrid offspring of a cross are the P1 generation
In protostomes
the opening formed during gastrulation becomes the mouth
Which statement about deuterostomes is true
the opening that forms during deuterostomes gastrulation becomes anus
What is a false statement about ribosomes
the ribosome of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the same in structure and function
the alleles of a gene are found at_______chromosomes
the same locus on homologous
How do sponges transport nutrients within their bodies
their mobile amoebocytes transport food molecules from cell to cell
The direction for each amino acid is a polypeptide are indicated by a codon that consists of_______nucleotides in an RNA molecule
three
Prokaryotic cell walls function
to prevent the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment
The transfer of genetic info from DNA to RNA is
transcription
What is a false statement about the flow of genetic info
transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells
Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parents are referred to as
true-breeding
What animals are ectothermic
turtles and lizards
DNA replication
uses each strand of a DNA molecule as a template for the creation of a new strand
The copying mechanism of DNA is most like
using a photographic negative to make a positive image
What Is a false statement about viral disease
very few new human diseases have originated in other animals because the genetic differences are too great
What shows the steps of a viral infection in the proper order
virus locates host cell. penetrates cell membrane. enters nucleus. alters host cell dna, host cell produces copies of virus
_______are chromalveolate that commonly are found decomposing dead animals in freshwater habitats
water molds
HIV does the greatest damage to
white blood cells
Using a six-sided die, what is the probability of rolling either a 5 or 6
⅙ + ⅙ = ⅓
