Biology final

Succession

(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established

Meiosis

(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms;One cell makes two gamete cells2n -> n

A female giraffe has 62 chromosomes in each of her skin cells. How many chromosomes will be in the skin cells of her offspring?

62

Nucleotide

A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.

Dominance

A characteristic in which an allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele

DNA

A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.

A nucleic acid monomer is called:

A nucleotide

Homeostasis

A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level

Cell Theory

All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism

recessive allele

An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present

dominant allele

An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.

Phenotype

An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.

Respiration

Animal cells turn carbohydrates, water and oxygen into energy. Waste product is carbon dioxide

What purpose do the gemmae of liverworts serve?

Asexual reproduction

energy stored in ATP?

Between 2nd and 3rd phosphate

Equation for cellular respiration

C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) ---------> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + energy

Enzymes

Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things

Order of Organism Complexity

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

Eukaryote

Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists)

Prokaryote

Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)

Plant cells

Contain chloroplasts (photosynthesis sites) and vacuoles (water storage areas) that are not found in animal cells

DNA vs RNA

DNA, sugar is deoxyribose, two strands, base - thymineRNA, sugar is ribose, one strand, base - uracil, only molecule to enter or leave the nucleus

Genotype vs Phenotype

Genotype is the genetic makeup; what can be passed on to your childrenPhenotype is the physical appearance; what is seen in you right now; how you look Phenotype is the physical appearance; what is seen in you right now; how you look

Photosynthesis

How most food and oxygen on earth are produced; the energy comes from the sun

How does a prokaryotic cell store genetic information?

In a circle ring

How does a eukaryotic cell store genetic information?

In the form of an X chromosome

What type of neurons make up the central nervous system?

Interneuron

Asexual Reproduction

Involves one parent through Binary Fission and Mitosis resulting in offspring that is identical to the parent with no genetic variability

Taxonomy Order (Biggest to Smallest)

Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Nucleic Acids

Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA

mRNA

Messenger RNA that carries genetic information to the ribosome from the nucleus

Passive Transport

No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)

Osmosis

No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out

Diffusion

No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)

Nucleus

Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA

Heredity

Passing of traits from parent to offspring

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration);respiration takes place here

Natural Selection

Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest

Anaerobic

Process that does not require oxygen

Aerobic

Process that requires oxygen

The lipid bilayer is composed primarily of what two biological molecules?

Proteins and fats

Active Transport

Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)

RNA

Single Helix, Uracil base, Ribose Sugar

Which of the following is a primary function of a nucleic acid?

Storage of information

lipid bilayer

The lipid bilayer is a universal component of all cell membranes. Its role is critical because its structural components provide the barrier that marks the boundaries of a cell. The structure is called a "lipid bilayer" because it is composed of two layers of fat cells organized in two sheets. The lipid bilayer is typically about five nanometers thick and surrounds all cells providing the cell membrane structure.

tRNA

Transfer RNA that transfers correct amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins

Stem Cells

Undifferentiated cells (general, template-like cells that have no general function yet)

recessive gene

a gene that is expressed only when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent

The Bilayer

a layer that is two molecules thick

Nucleus

a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction

Endoplasmic Reticulum

a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids;folded transport system for the cell

Parts of ATP

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups

How does a Prokaryotic cell divide?

binary fission

he respiratory system of an elephant functions in a similar way to which organelle in a single- celled organism?

cell membrane

An organism is made of organ systems, which are made of organs, which are made of tissues, which are made of

cells

Mutations

change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information;can passed on to offspring if they occur in the gametes

Which group of organisms in an ecosystem fills the niche of recycling organic matter back to the environment?

decomposers

Chordates organisms

group of animals that includes vertebrates, marine species, and lancelets.

Bacteria that can survive without oxygen are described as

heterotrophic

cell theory

idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells

White blood cells are most closely associated with which two body systems?

immune and circulatory

transport

involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism

What is one major distinction between living and non living matter?

living matter is able to control chemical activities with organic catalysts

The carrying capacity of an environment may be decreased by

maintaining biodiversity

The life function that includes all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism is

metabolism

The cell organelle that contains the material that codes for proteins is the

mitochondria

What is DNA made of?

nucleotides

An organism takes materials from its enviorment and procceses them for its use

nutrtition

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

reads the sequence of mRNA and structs the ribosome to assemble new proteins from amino acids that match. tRNA moves the amino acids and proteins around into the right places.

Gametes

reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells;in humans, the egg or sperm

Which cell organelle is most directly involved with the bonding of amino acids?

ribosome

The cell organelle that is the site where proteins are assembled/synthesized is

ribosomes

Genes

sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait

Monosaccharide

simple sugars, monomer for carbs (ex: glucose and sucrose)

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis (makes proteins), without ribosomes, the synthesis would stop.

Ribosome

small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein;where amino acids are made into proteins

Nucleotide

small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group

Cell Wall

strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria

Catalyst

substances used to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction

Rejection of a newly transplanted organ is caused by

the immune system reacting to the presence of the organ

Chromosomes

threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes. Aids in protein formation.

Cancer

uncontrolled cell growth and division

Lipid

used for long term energy storage; monomers are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids; make up the phospholipid bilayer;