Biology final
Succession
(ecology) the gradual and orderly process of change in an ecosystem brought about by the progressive replacement of one community by another until a stable climax is established
Meiosis
(genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms;One cell makes two gamete cells2n -> n
A female giraffe has 62 chromosomes in each of her skin cells. How many chromosomes will be in the skin cells of her offspring?
62
Nucleotide
A building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
Dominance
A characteristic in which an allele that expresses its phenotype even in the presence of a recessive allele
DNA
A complex molecule containing the genetic information that makes up the chromosomes.
A nucleic acid monomer is called:
A nucleotide
Homeostasis
A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a particular level
Cell Theory
All living things are made of cells; Cells come from other cells; Cells are the basic structure and function of an organism
recessive allele
An allele that is masked when a dominant allele is present
dominant allele
An allele whose trait always shows up in the organism when the allele is present.
Phenotype
An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
Respiration
Animal cells turn carbohydrates, water and oxygen into energy. Waste product is carbon dioxide
What purpose do the gemmae of liverworts serve?
Asexual reproduction
energy stored in ATP?
Between 2nd and 3rd phosphate
Equation for cellular respiration
C6H12O6 (glucose) + 6O2 (oxygen) ---------> 6CO2 (carbon dioxide) + 6H2O (water) + energy
Enzymes
Catalysts for chemical reactions in living things
Order of Organism Complexity
Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
Eukaryote
Cells that have a nucleus, large, complex (Ex. Plants, Animals, Fungi, Protists)
Prokaryote
Cells with no nucleus, small, simple (Ex. Bacteria)
Plant cells
Contain chloroplasts (photosynthesis sites) and vacuoles (water storage areas) that are not found in animal cells
DNA vs RNA
DNA, sugar is deoxyribose, two strands, base - thymineRNA, sugar is ribose, one strand, base - uracil, only molecule to enter or leave the nucleus
Genotype vs Phenotype
Genotype is the genetic makeup; what can be passed on to your childrenPhenotype is the physical appearance; what is seen in you right now; how you look Phenotype is the physical appearance; what is seen in you right now; how you look
Photosynthesis
How most food and oxygen on earth are produced; the energy comes from the sun
How does a prokaryotic cell store genetic information?
In a circle ring
How does a eukaryotic cell store genetic information?
In the form of an X chromosome
What type of neurons make up the central nervous system?
Interneuron
Asexual Reproduction
Involves one parent through Binary Fission and Mitosis resulting in offspring that is identical to the parent with no genetic variability
Taxonomy Order (Biggest to Smallest)
Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species
Nucleic Acids
Made of nucleotides, function is to store genetic information which can be seen in DNA and RNA
mRNA
Messenger RNA that carries genetic information to the ribosome from the nucleus
Passive Transport
No energy required; transport of small and medium materials across the plasma membrane (Osmosis, Diffusion, and Facilitated Diffusion)
Osmosis
No energy required; transports WATER from high to low concentrations in order to even them out
Diffusion
No energy required; transports molecules from high to low concentrations in order to even them out (for small materials)
Nucleus
Only in eukaryotic cells, holds DNA
Heredity
Passing of traits from parent to offspring
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration);respiration takes place here
Natural Selection
Process by which individuals that are better suited to their environment survive and reproduce most successfully; also called survival of the fittest
Anaerobic
Process that does not require oxygen
Aerobic
Process that requires oxygen
The lipid bilayer is composed primarily of what two biological molecules?
Proteins and fats
Active Transport
Requires energy (ATP) for large molecules. Gets molecules across the cell through pumps and vesicles (endocytosis and exocytosis)
RNA
Single Helix, Uracil base, Ribose Sugar
Which of the following is a primary function of a nucleic acid?
Storage of information
lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer is a universal component of all cell membranes. Its role is critical because its structural components provide the barrier that marks the boundaries of a cell. The structure is called a "lipid bilayer" because it is composed of two layers of fat cells organized in two sheets. The lipid bilayer is typically about five nanometers thick and surrounds all cells providing the cell membrane structure.
tRNA
Transfer RNA that transfers correct amino acids to the ribosomes where proteins
Stem Cells
Undifferentiated cells (general, template-like cells that have no general function yet)
recessive gene
a gene that is expressed only when it is matched with a similar gene from the other parent
The Bilayer
a layer that is two molecules thick
Nucleus
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction
Endoplasmic Reticulum
a system of membranes that is found in a cell's cytoplasm and that assists in the production, processing, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids;folded transport system for the cell
Parts of ATP
adenine, ribose, 3 phosphate groups
How does a Prokaryotic cell divide?
binary fission
he respiratory system of an elephant functions in a similar way to which organelle in a single- celled organism?
cell membrane
An organism is made of organ systems, which are made of organs, which are made of tissues, which are made of
cells
Mutations
change in a DNA sequence that affects genetic information;can passed on to offspring if they occur in the gametes
Which group of organisms in an ecosystem fills the niche of recycling organic matter back to the environment?
decomposers
Chordates organisms
group of animals that includes vertebrates, marine species, and lancelets.
Bacteria that can survive without oxygen are described as
heterotrophic
cell theory
idea that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells
White blood cells are most closely associated with which two body systems?
immune and circulatory
transport
involves the movement of materials inside the cell as well as the movement between parts of a multicellular organism
What is one major distinction between living and non living matter?
living matter is able to control chemical activities with organic catalysts
The carrying capacity of an environment may be decreased by
maintaining biodiversity
The life function that includes all of the chemical reactions that occur in an organism is
metabolism
The cell organelle that contains the material that codes for proteins is the
mitochondria
What is DNA made of?
nucleotides
An organism takes materials from its enviorment and procceses them for its use
nutrtition
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
reads the sequence of mRNA and structs the ribosome to assemble new proteins from amino acids that match. tRNA moves the amino acids and proteins around into the right places.
Gametes
reproductive cells, have only half the number of chromosomes as body cells;in humans, the egg or sperm
Which cell organelle is most directly involved with the bonding of amino acids?
ribosome
The cell organelle that is the site where proteins are assembled/synthesized is
ribosomes
Genes
sequence of DNA that codes for a protein and thus determines a trait
Monosaccharide
simple sugars, monomer for carbs (ex: glucose and sucrose)
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis (makes proteins), without ribosomes, the synthesis would stop.
Ribosome
small particle in the cell on which proteins are assembled; made of RNA and protein;where amino acids are made into proteins
Nucleotide
small subunits composed of a nitrogenous base, pentose sugar, and phosphate group
Cell Wall
strong layer around the cell membrane in plants, algae, and some bacteria
Catalyst
substances used to lower the activation energy and speed up the reaction
Rejection of a newly transplanted organ is caused by
the immune system reacting to the presence of the organ
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
double helix
two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes. Aids in protein formation.
Cancer
uncontrolled cell growth and division
Lipid
used for long term energy storage; monomers are 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids; make up the phospholipid bilayer;