Biology (Immunity)
What are the three ways that antibodies help fight infections?
1. make ineffective by binding to pathogens membrane 2. cause them to clump, phagocytes engulf them 3. activate compliment proteins that weaken pathogens membrane
A pathogen binds to a ________ cell. The ______ cell engulfs the pathogen and puts part of the antigen onto its surface (humoral)
B
In humoral immunity, _______ cells produce _____________ that help destroy pathogens.
B cells, anitbodies
What is a memory cell?
Specialized T and B cells that provide acquired immunity because they "remember" an antigen that has previously been invaded
Cellular immunity is an immune response that depends on _____ cells.
T
When a ______ cell encounters the AP B cell, it binds to the antigens. Then the T cell releases proteins that activate the _______ cell. (humoral)
T cell, B cell
In cellular immunity, _______ cells destroy infected _______ cells.
T cells and body cells
______ cells attach to infected ________ cells and cause them to burst. (cellular)
T cells and body cells
Adaptive immunity has a what type of response?
delayed
What are the characteristics of a fever and how does it help the immune system?
effects entire body, temperature low fevers, create mature WBC, mature WBC destroy pathogens
Adaptive immunity is developed through life due to what?
exposure
Activated t cells will... (cellular)
fight current infections
Where are dendritic cells found?
found in the tissues
What doe antigens help the immune system recognize?
helps the immune system recognize self and non-self cells
Mast cells release proteins that cause inflammation called what?
histomines
What does an antigen act as?
identifying marker or tag, like a jersey of a sports team
What is passive immunity?
immunity that occurs without the body undergoing an immune response
What is active immunity?
immunity that your body produces in response to specific pathogens that has infected/ is infecting your body
Humoral immunity occurs where?
in blood and bodily fluid
Where are mast cells found?
in the tissues
Where is the macrophage found?
in the tissuess
What is special about how an antibody works?
it works against only one specific antigen
Once a pathogen had been tagged by antibodies, its easier for _________________ to destroy them.
macrophage
How do basophil cells react when a pathogen enters the body?
makes chemicals that cause inflammation in the bloodstream
What does perforin do?
makes holes in infected cell's memory, causing it to burst
What are the characteristics of the innate immune system?
-Born w/ -genetic, womb, breastmilk -first defense -quick -nonspecific -activates the adaptive
What is the response of inflammation?
-blood vessels leak fluid into tissue causing swelling -helps isolate pathogens from invading other tissues -attracts other WBC's to the invasion cite
What is the job of the Neutrophil?
-circulate through the blood -eats pathogens -releases toxins
What are the characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
-develops as you age -2nd line of defense -gets stronger with exposure -specific
What are the two jobs of the dendritic cells?
-eat pathogens and display their antigens on cell surface -activate reinforcements of the adaptive immune system
What two jobs does the macrophage have?
-eat pathogens and display their antigens on cell surface -activate reinforcements of the adaptive immune system
What is the function of the spleen?
-filters blood -removes old red blood cells -produce antibodies -produces and stores white blood cells -removes antibody-covered pathogens
What is the function of the lymph nodes and capillaries?
-filters lymph fluid, which circulates white blood cells through lymph capillaries
What is the function of the tonsils?
-first defense against inhaled pathogens -tonsils- I.S. gets overwhelmed, gets infected
What is the function of the adenoid glands?
-trap bacteria + viruses -produces antibodies
What are our defenses?
1. skin 2. mucous- lines respirtory +dgiestive tracts, traps pathogens 3. cilia 4. acid 5. behavior -tears, wash hands, sneezing + coughing
Activated B cells produce as many as ____________ pathogen specific antibodies per second. In some cases, antibodies cause pathogens to _________. (humoral)
2000, clump
When a t cell is activated it begins to divide and differentiates into two different types of T cells, what are those two T cells? (cellular)
Activated T cells and memory T cells
What is a T cell?
Destroy body cells that are infected with pathogens
How does HIV harm the body?
HIV infects and destroys several types of white blood cells and it weakens the immune system, causing the body to be unable to fight off pathogens
What is the role of memory cells in providing acquired immunity?
Immunity ins acquired when your body produces memory cells after fighting off infection.
What are the two types of immune systems?
Innate and adaptive
Cell-mediated immunity occurs when?
a cell becomes infected
What is a phagocyte?
a cell that destroys pathogens by surrounding/ engulfing them
What is immunity?
a condition that permits innate (natural/ inborn) and acquired (developed) resistance to pathogens
The adaptive immune system is also known as?
acquired, active, specific
What is cellular immunity?
an immune response that depends on T cells. T cells attach to infected body cells and cause them to burst. Before this can happen, t cells must become activated
What is a pathogen?
bacteria, fungi, parasites, that cause illness and disease
Before the T cell can attach, it must do what first? (cellular)
become activated
What is inflammation?
nonspecific response that is characterized by swelling, redness, pain, itching, warmth at affected area
What is a tissue rejection?
occurs when the recipient's immune system makes antibodies against the protein markers on the donor's tissues
The innate immunity is also known as?
passive, non-specific
Phagocytes engulf and destroy ______________ ______________. (humoral)
pathogen clumps
How does the skin protect the body from infection?
physically blocks pathogens. secretes oil and sweat which makes skin hypertonic and acidic
What is a B cell?
produces proteins that inactivate pathogens that have not yet infected a body cell
What is the function of the bone marrow?
produces red blood cells and white blood cells
What is an antigen?
protein markers on the surface of cells and viruses that help the immune system identify a foreign cell or virus
What is an antibody?
proteins made by B cell, that destroy pathogens on one of three ways.
What is an interferon?
proteins produced by body cells that are infected by a body virus
Memory T cells act as....(cellular)
reserves that wait for future invasions
How does the circulatory system protect the body from infection?
send chemical signals to coordinate an attack and to transport specialized cells to the infection
What is the difference between a specific immune response and a nonspecific immune response?
specific responses are slightly different for each pathogen and nonspecific responses are those that happen in the same way to every pathogen
What is the function of the appendix?
storage of healthy bacteria
How does the immune system know if a foreign particle has infected the body?
the antigens let the immune system know
What is the immune system?
the body system that fights off infection and pathogens
What are the organs of the immune system?
tonsils, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes + capillaries, bone marrow, appendix, lymph nodes, adenoid glands
What is humoral immunity?
type of immune response that depends on antibodies. Different types of antibodies fight pathogens by either causing them to burst, inactivating them, or causing them to clump
How does the mucous membrane protect the body from infection?
uses cilia that are covered with sticky liquids to trap pathogens
What is the function of the thymus?
where the T cells mature
What is another name for leukocytes?
white blood cells
