Biology: Quiz 4- Eubacteria, Archaea, Viruses, Prions and Viroids
spirillum
spiral shaped bacteria
A Spirochetes cell is _________.
spiral-shaped
Staphylococcus aureus
staph infection
Streptococcus pyogenes
strep throat
cyanobacteria
the common name for bacteria which are capable of photosynthesis, also commonly called blue-green algae, though not really algae.
extremeophile
the common name of species of the kingdom Archaea
lysis
the death of a cell by breaking the cell open.
receptor site
the external cell structure on a host cell which allows a virus to recognize and attach to it
envelope
the lipid based membrane which encloses some viruses, made of material taken from the host cell membrane.
viral attachment proteins
the part of the viral capsid protein which will bind with the receptor site on a specidic type of host cell.
viral budding
the release of virions from the host cell through the cell membrane, a process which includes encasing the virion with an envelope composed of lipids from the host cell membrane
lysogenic cycle
the replication cycle of a virus in which, although the viral genetic material is being replica along with the host cell's genetic material, no new virions are being produced.
lytic cycle
the replication process of viruses that results in the destruction of the host cell
transformation
the sharing of genetic material of bacteria through taking in naked genetic material from the bacterial surroundings.
bacterial conjugation
the transferring of genetic material between two bacteria through direct cell to cell dontact, a genetic sharing which is not sexual like eukaryotes.
transduction
the transferring of genetic material form one organism to another by means of a virus carrier.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
tuberculosis
Rickettsia prawazekii
typhus fever
bacteriophage
virus which infects bacteria.
capsid
protein coat surrounding a virus
What is the shape of Streptococcus cells?
round cells in a chain
Select effects of bacteria on the world around us.
-decomposition -make yogurt -food spoilage -make cheese -flavors food
Escherichia coli
(E. coli), a gram-negative bacteria that grows within the human large intestine.
'prokaryote' can be problematic because
-It implies that prokaryotes existed before eukaryotes. -Prokaryote and eukaryote are used as a result of an evolutionary worldview. -It implies that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.
Borrelia burgdorferi
-Lyme disease -Ixodes ticks (live on deer and mice)
Things true about cyanobacteria
-can produce its own food -is a group of eubacteria
coccus
spherical bacteria
many virologists do not consider these structures as living organisms because
1. they are not able to reproduce independently 2. they don't use energy from metabolism of any kind 3. Crystalline, they can still maintain the virulence
The cell wall of a Gram-negative bacterium is composed of:
20% or less of peptidoglycan
viroid
A disease-causing particle made of RNA without a capsid is called
The scientific name of the organism that sours fruit juice is called _________ and it belongs to the group of ____________.
Alicyclobacillus, thermoacidophiles
Methanogen
Archaea which live in an anaerobic environment and which produce methane as part of their respiratory process
halophile
Archaea which live in high salinity environments
thermoacidophile
Archaea which live in high temperature and/or acidic environments
bacillus
Rod shaped bacteria
An opportunistic infection is most likely to occur under which of the following circumstances?
a compromised immune system
rickettsia
a group of small eubacteria which are all obligate intracellular parasites
Gram stain
a method of staining bacteria for classification purposes, by which method most eubacteria can either be classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.
obligate intracellular parasites
a parasitic organism which is not able to reproduce outside a host cell.
mycobacterium
a type of bacteria with a waxy cell covering or wall.
attenuated vaccine
a vaccine comtaining live pathogens which have been modified to make them less virulent or even non-virulent
inactivated vaccine
a vaccine containing non-living pathogens or parts of pathogens, which the immune system will recognize and against which pathogenic organisms the body will form antibodies
prion
an abnormal protein structure which is pathogenic
pathogen
an agent or organism that causes disease.
Nucleoid
an area of a prokaryotic cell that is dense with genetic material
latent infection
an inactive infection which is still capable of becoming active and producing symptoms; often associated with the lysogenic cycle of a viral infection
virion
an individual virus particle
opportunistic infection
an infection of an organism that may always be present, but is able to cause infections only as a result of a change in a normal enviroment
enteric bacteria
bacteria commonly lives in the intestines of animals
T4 bacteriophage
complex
Tobacco Mosaic Virus
first virus discovered, helical
Lactobacillus
gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that produce lactic acid especially in milk
HIV/ AIDS virus
icosahedral
peptidoglycan
large molecules in the bacterial cell wall which are the molecular basis of Gram stain
Normal flora
microorganisms commonly found living in or on a human with no detrimental effects.
anaerobic organism
organisms which grow in the absence of free atmosphic oxygen
A ______ is an abnormal disease-causing protein which affects the ______of the animal or human.
prion, brain