Biology: Quiz 4- Eubacteria, Archaea, Viruses, Prions and Viroids

spirillum

spiral shaped bacteria

A Spirochetes cell is _________.

spiral-shaped

Staphylococcus aureus

staph infection

Streptococcus pyogenes

strep throat

cyanobacteria

the common name for bacteria which are capable of photosynthesis, also commonly called blue-green algae, though not really algae.

extremeophile

the common name of species of the kingdom Archaea

lysis

the death of a cell by breaking the cell open.

receptor site

the external cell structure on a host cell which allows a virus to recognize and attach to it

envelope

the lipid based membrane which encloses some viruses, made of material taken from the host cell membrane.

viral attachment proteins

the part of the viral capsid protein which will bind with the receptor site on a specidic type of host cell.

viral budding

the release of virions from the host cell through the cell membrane, a process which includes encasing the virion with an envelope composed of lipids from the host cell membrane

lysogenic cycle

the replication cycle of a virus in which, although the viral genetic material is being replica along with the host cell's genetic material, no new virions are being produced.

lytic cycle

the replication process of viruses that results in the destruction of the host cell

transformation

the sharing of genetic material of bacteria through taking in naked genetic material from the bacterial surroundings.

bacterial conjugation

the transferring of genetic material between two bacteria through direct cell to cell dontact, a genetic sharing which is not sexual like eukaryotes.

transduction

the transferring of genetic material form one organism to another by means of a virus carrier.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

tuberculosis

Rickettsia prawazekii

typhus fever

bacteriophage

virus which infects bacteria.

capsid

protein coat surrounding a virus

What is the shape of Streptococcus cells?

round cells in a chain

Select effects of bacteria on the world around us.

-decomposition -make yogurt -food spoilage -make cheese -flavors food

Escherichia coli

(E. coli), a gram-negative bacteria that grows within the human large intestine.

'prokaryote' can be problematic because

-It implies that prokaryotes existed before eukaryotes. -Prokaryote and eukaryote are used as a result of an evolutionary worldview. -It implies that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes.

Borrelia burgdorferi

-Lyme disease -Ixodes ticks (live on deer and mice)

Things true about cyanobacteria

-can produce its own food -is a group of eubacteria

coccus

spherical bacteria

many virologists do not consider these structures as living organisms because

1. they are not able to reproduce independently 2. they don't use energy from metabolism of any kind 3. Crystalline, they can still maintain the virulence

The cell wall of a Gram-negative bacterium is composed of:

20% or less of peptidoglycan

viroid

A disease-causing particle made of RNA without a capsid is called

The scientific name of the organism that sours fruit juice is called _________ and it belongs to the group of ____________.

Alicyclobacillus, thermoacidophiles

Methanogen

Archaea which live in an anaerobic environment and which produce methane as part of their respiratory process

halophile

Archaea which live in high salinity environments

thermoacidophile

Archaea which live in high temperature and/or acidic environments

bacillus

Rod shaped bacteria

An opportunistic infection is most likely to occur under which of the following circumstances?

a compromised immune system

rickettsia

a group of small eubacteria which are all obligate intracellular parasites

Gram stain

a method of staining bacteria for classification purposes, by which method most eubacteria can either be classified as Gram-positive or Gram-negative.

obligate intracellular parasites

a parasitic organism which is not able to reproduce outside a host cell.

mycobacterium

a type of bacteria with a waxy cell covering or wall.

attenuated vaccine

a vaccine comtaining live pathogens which have been modified to make them less virulent or even non-virulent

inactivated vaccine

a vaccine containing non-living pathogens or parts of pathogens, which the immune system will recognize and against which pathogenic organisms the body will form antibodies

prion

an abnormal protein structure which is pathogenic

pathogen

an agent or organism that causes disease.

Nucleoid

an area of a prokaryotic cell that is dense with genetic material

latent infection

an inactive infection which is still capable of becoming active and producing symptoms; often associated with the lysogenic cycle of a viral infection

virion

an individual virus particle

opportunistic infection

an infection of an organism that may always be present, but is able to cause infections only as a result of a change in a normal enviroment

enteric bacteria

bacteria commonly lives in the intestines of animals

T4 bacteriophage

complex

Tobacco Mosaic Virus

first virus discovered, helical

Lactobacillus

gram-positive rod-shaped bacteria that produce lactic acid especially in milk

HIV/ AIDS virus

icosahedral

peptidoglycan

large molecules in the bacterial cell wall which are the molecular basis of Gram stain

Normal flora

microorganisms commonly found living in or on a human with no detrimental effects.

anaerobic organism

organisms which grow in the absence of free atmosphic oxygen

A ______ is an abnormal disease-causing protein which affects the ______of the animal or human.

prion, brain