Biology study guide Chp.7-4 The Diversity of Cellular life

What are the four levels of organization in multicellular organisms?

1) Individual cells 2) Tissues 3) Organs 4) Organ systems

Define organ system.

A group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.

Define unicellular/single-celled organism. What do they do?

A unicellular organism, also known as a single-celled organism, is an organism that consists of only one cell. These organisms do everything that you would expect a living thing to do; they grow, respond to the environment, transform energy, and reproduce. In terms of their numbers, Unicellular organisms dominate life on earth.

Define cell specialization.

Cell specialization is the fact that cells through-out an organism can develop in different ways to perform different tasks.

What are guard cells?

Guard cells are highly specialized plant cells that monitor the plants internal conditions, changing their shape according to the conditions of the plant. For example: When the plant can benefit from gas exchange, the stomata open. The stomata close tightly when the plant's internal conditions change.

Biologists have identified __________ which make it easier to describe the cells within a multicellular organism.

Levels of Organization.

Define organ.

Many tasks within the body are too complicated to be carried out by just one type of tissue, so in these cases, many groups of tissues work together as an organ.

Define multicellular organisms.

Multicellular organisms are organisms that are made up of many cells. There is a great variety of them, however, they depend on communication and cooperation among specialized cells.

In what kinds of organisms is cell specialization a characteristic?

Multicellular organisms.

What are the four main types of tissue that animals have?

Muscle, epithelial, nervous, and connective tissue. (We will read about these tissues in later chapters.)

There are also cells found in the specialized ANIMAL cell that are specialized to produce protein. In what part of your body are these cells found?

Pancreas.

____________ are packed with ribosomes and rough ER, which are where proteins are reproduced. __________ also possess large amounts of other organelles needed for protein export, including a well-developed Golgi apparatus and clusters of storage vacuoles loaded with enzymes.

Pancreatic cells (for both answers.)

The specialized animal cells contain __________.

Red blood cells.

What are the two main types of specialized cells?

Specialized ANIMAL cells and specialized PLANT cells.

Plants rapidly exchanges carbon openings called __________ on the undersides of leaves.

Stomata.

What are some examples of specialized cells?

The muscle cell, stomata, and the pancreatic cell.

What do these red blood cells do?

The red blood cells are specialized to transport oxygen.

The human ability to move is the result of what?

The specialized structures of muscle cells.

How are unicellular and multicellular organisms similar?

They both dominate and vary in their numbers on earth, both have cells, and both of them need energy to survive.

What is tissue?

Tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a particular function. The collection of cells that produce digestive enzymes in the pancreas makes up one kind of tissue.

What are some examples of unicellular organisms?

amoeba, bacteria, and paramecium.