Biology Unit 3
number of strands in RNA
1
how many start signals are there
1 (AUG)
What do nucleic bases look like in an ATP drawing
1 hexagon and 1pentagon, or a rectangle
What are the reactants for the prep reaction?
1 pyruvate at a time
How many G3P create 1 glucose
2
How many phosphates are in one molecule of ADP?
2
number of strands in DNA
2
What is the net ATP for the citric acid cycle?
2 ATP joins the 2 ATP in glycolysis to make a net ATP of 4 so far.
What are the products of the prep reaction?
2 NADH, CO2 and an 2 Acetyl groups (only half as much is created for one pyruvate)
What are the products of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2 NADH
How many Calvin cycles create 1 G3P
3
How many stop signals are there
3
What does the phosphate look like in an ATP drawing
3 circles
How many total ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration
36
What is our diploid number
46 (23 different chromosomes)
What direction do polymerase add nucleotides to
5' to 3' direction
How many Calvin cycles create 1 glucose
6
How many molecules of CO2 are used to make 1 molecule of glucose
6
What is the overall equation for cellular respiration
6O2 + C6H12O6 ~ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
All organisms get the energy they need to regenerate ATP from what?
ADP
What does a cell keep more of in reserve ATP or ADP
ADP because it is more stable than ATP, ATP is used very quickly
Name the chemical compound that is responsible for cellular energy
ATP
What are the reactants for the citric acid cycle?
AcetylCoA
Erwin Chargaff found what
Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine
What does ADP stand for
Adenosine diphosphate
What does ATP stand for
Adenosine triphosphate
What organisms do glycolysis?
All living organisms do glycolosis because there are no special organelles needed.
Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?
Anaerobic
Alcohol fermentation is used to make bread dough rise, how come you don't become intoxicated when you eat bread?
Because heat denatures alcohol
Why is G3P technically the end product of photosynthesis?
Because the Calvin cycle produces G3P not glucose, but 2 G3P's create 1 glucose
What is being reduced in photosynthesis?
CO2
What happens in CO2 fixation
CO2 comes in from the atmosphere (one at a time) and RuBP connects to CO2
Steps of the Calvin cycle
CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and regenerate RuBP
What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle
CO2, ATP, and NADPH
How does ATP store and release energy?
Cellular respiration turns energy in food into energy the cell can use and the energy is stored in the ATP molecule, but when one phosphate breaks off to form ADP some of that energy is release.
Which stage of cellular respiration makes the most co2
Citric acid cycle
Which stage of cellular respiration makes the most electron carriers
Citric acid cycle
What are the products from the citric acid cycle?
Citric acid, CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH, 6NADH (only half as much is created by one acetylCoA group but there are 2
What is the name of the molecule that joins in the preparator reaction to make Aceyl-CoA?
Coenzyme A
Where does glycolysis happen?
Cytoplasm
What is the relationship between DNA and chromosomes
DNA makes up chromosomes and then are winded up to make proteins
What is the overall summary of transcription
DNA serves as a template to make proteins, mRNA copies the DNA template in order to bring the codes to the ribosome
What is the template for transcription
DNA strands
What does DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What happens as electrons pass down the electron transport chain
Energy from the moving electrons transports H+ ions into the inter membrane space
True or False ATP and NADPH are used to produce high energy sugars happens in the the light dependent cycle
False
True or false Used ATP is discarded by the cell as waste
False
If oxygen in not present after glycolysis is done, what step is next in cellular respiration?
Fermentation
What are the parts of interphase
G1: all organelles are replicated (growth) GO: cell stops dividing or S: Cell copies it's DNA G2: Cell makes the molecules and cell parts needed by the new cell
What are the products of the Calvin cycle
G3P (Glucose)
Which molecule stores more than 90 times the energy in an ATP molecule?
Glucose
What are the reactants for gycolysis?
Glucose and 2 ATP
What is the first step of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
What step begins to release energy stored in glucose?
Glycolysis
What is the sequence of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Preparatory Reaction, Kreb Cycle, and Oxidative phosphorylation
What are the bases that are present in RNA
Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Uracil
The movement of which ion across the membrane from the inter-membrane space to the matrix causes ATP synthase to spin and make ATP
H+ ions
Why does the space inside the thylakoid become positively charged during the light-dependent reaction
H+ ions build up in the space as water is split
What drives the formation of ATP by ATP synthase
H+ moving through ATP down its gradient
What are the reactants of the light cycle
H2O and sunlight
What are the products of the oxidative phosphorylation stage
H2O, 32 ATP
What uncoils the DNA and separates the hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together
Helicase
Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs
Heterotrophs eat things that have energy in them Autotrophs make their own energy from the sunligh
What is the structure of ATP
High energy for cells, composed of adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups, very negatively charged
What are the parts of the cell cycle
Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis
Why does FADH2 produce fewer ATP molecules than NADH when it passes its electrons down the electron transport chain
It drops off its electrons and hydrogen to the second protein in the chain rather than the first, so less energy can be taken from it to make ATP
What will happen to the Coenzyme-A once it brings the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle?
It gets recycled and foes back to get more of the acetyl group
How does NADP+ become NADPH
It picks up hydrogen after flowing through ATP synthase and electrons from Photosystem I
Summary of glycolysis
It takes 2 ATP to start glycolysis, Glucose (6 carbon molecule) is broken down in to 2 pyruvate (each 3 carbon molecules) and produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP with a net gain of 2 ATP
If oxygen is present, what will happen to the NADH produced in the preparatory reaction?
It's electrons will enter the electron transport chain
What is a helpful way to remember oxidation and reduction
LEO the lion says GER (Lose Electrons = Oxidation, Gain Electrons = Reduction) or OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain)
bacteria uses this to make cheese, yogurt and sour cream
Lactic Acid fermentation
Where does the preparatory reaction take place?
Matrix of the mitochondria
What regenerates in fermentation
NAD+
The carriers for energy and high energy electrons during glycolysis are what?
NADH and FADH2
Why do NADH and FADH2 produce different amounts of ATP
NADH pumps more hydrogen ions due to the electron transfers that happen further down the line
What are the reactants for the oxidative phosphorylation stage
NADH, FADH2
What molecule acts as a carrier for high energy electrons during photosynthesis
NADP+
What happens in CO2 reduction
NADPH is oxidized to NADP and then is recylced, ATP is oxidized to ADP+P and then is recylced, then the reduction of CO2 makes G3P
Does fermentation require oxygen?
No, so it is anaerbic
What are the products of the light cycle
O2, ATP , NADPH
Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP
Oxidative phosphorylation
A student conducts and experiment by collection the gas given off by a green plant in bright sunlight at room temperature. The gas being collected is probably what
Oxygen
What molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain
Oxygen
What is the source of electrons that replaces those excited/lost from photosystem II and photosystem I
PSII: electrons from the splitting of water PSI: electrons from the end of the ETC
What are the names of the two parts of photosynthesis
Photosystem II (chlorophyll a) and Photosystem I (chlorophyll b)
Steps of the light cycle
Photosystem II absorbs sunlight, H2O ions are split so that O2 is released into the atmosphere and the electrons pass down the electron transport chain and the H+ ions form a gradient in the thylakoid, then the H+ ions pass through proteins into the stroma, next Photosystem I absorbs sunlight and the electrons that had passes through the ETC produce NADP in the stroma, Next the H+ ions that are in the stroma bind with NADP to produce NADPH and the H+ ions that are still in the thylakoid go through ATP synthase and produce ATP
What is the name of the 3 carbon molecule that is produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis?
Pyruvate
Equation for alcoholic fermentation
Pyruvate produces Alcohol, CO2 and NAD+
Equation of lactic acid fermentation
Pyruvate produces Lactic Acid and NAD+
enzyme involved in transcription
RNA polymerase
What molecule make up the backbone of DNA
Ribose and phosphate
What happens during regenerate RuBP
RuBP has to be regenerated
Explain the parts of chloroplasts
Stroma: fluid filled interior Thylakoid: flattened disk Grana: stack of thylakoids
What is the ultimate source of energy?
Sunlight
What has happened to the original molecule of glucos by the end of the Citric acid cycle
The glucose is broken down and its energy is in the form of electrons carried by NADH and FADH2
Why is fermentation needed?
To be able to produce the NAD+ so that glycolysis can keep on happening
True or false ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate and releases energy
True
True or false ATP consists of ribose sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups
True
True or false ATP provides energy for active transport in cells
True
How many overall ATP are made at the end of aerobic respiration
about 32
define frameshift mutation
add or delete one letter which changes all the 3 letter codons after the mutation
What are the 2 purine bases
adenine and guanine
What are the 4 possible nitrogenous bases in DNA
adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine
Bacteria and yeast use this to make beer and wine
alcoholic fermentation
Yeast uses this to make bread do rise
alcoholic fermentation
Where do chromosomes split and move apart
anaphase
does frameshift mutation cause big or little changes
big
Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in what regions of the visible spectrum
blue-violet and red
What did Watson and Crick discover
built models of DNA, discovered the proper base pair, noticed how DNA copies itself due to the structure
define mutation
change to DNA
missense mutation definition
change to one amino acid
nonsense mutation
changes when the strand stops
what is the main pigment in photosynthesis
chlorophyll
Why do plants look green
chlorophyll absorbs violet, blue and red, but reflects green
Why do leaves change color in the fall
chlorophyll breaks down in the fall and carotenoids appear which absorb violet, blue and green and reflect yellow, orange and red
Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when Acetyl-CoA joins its 2 carbons to make a 4 carbon molecule during the citric acid cycle
citric acid
What is a photosystem and what is the role of the photosystems?
collection of chlorophyll molecules and they act as light-gathering molecules
What molecules make up the rungs of DNA
complementary base pairs
What bond hold the backbones of DNA together
covalent bond
Where does cytoplasm split
cytokinesis
location of translation
cytoplasm/ ribosomes
What are the three properties of genetic code
degenerate, unambiguous, and start/stop signals
What is the sugar that is present in DNA
deoxyribose
Structure of DNA
double helix
The DNA is shaped as a
double helix
What structure do purines have
double ring structure
Define unambiguous
each codon has only one meaning
Define diploid
each type of chromosome is represented twice in each body cell
Where do the 3 checkpoint occur
end of G1, during s phase, and end of mitosis
Why is glucose considered a universal process?
every living thing does glycolysis (because oxygen is not in order to perform glycolysis)
True or False ATP is produced by ATP synthase and oxygen is released happens in the the Calvin cycle
false
True or False CO2 molecules enter the light-dependent reaction from the atmosphere
false
True or False The light-dependent reaction produces ATP, NADPH and CO2
false
True or False increasing light intensity decreases the rate of photosynthesis
false
True or False the oxygen released by the plant comes from the splitting of CO2
false
True or false the Calvin cycle makes ATP and NADPH
false
True or false the Calvin cycle requires light
false
True or false the Calvin cycle takes place in the thylakoid membrane
false
What is the term for the role of oxygen in Oxidative phosphorylation
final electron receptor
What is being oxidized in cellular respiration
glucose
Why do cells divide
growth, to keep cell size small, efficiency of cell transport, reproduction, and repair
Define gene
has genetic material for offspring traits and is the section of DNA that contains instructions to build proteins
Where do the carbon atoms in pyruvate end up following the citric acid cycle?
in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
in the matrix of the mitochondria
Where are photosystems located
in the thylakoid
Where are photosystem I and II found
in the thylakoid membrane
Where does a cell spend most of its time during the cell cycle
interphase
Where is DNA Chromatin
interphase
Where is the cell doing its job
interphase
What is the advantage of releasing energy stored in glucose slowly rather than all at once
it allows energy to be produced much more efficiently and so it doesn't blow up the cell
Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low
lactic acid fermentation
What strand is replicated in fragments in the opposite direction
lagging strand (5' side) (makes the 3' strand)
Which strand is replicated in a continuous manner in the same direction as the replication fork
leading strand (3' side) (makes the 5' strand)
What joins the fragments together to form a continuous strand
ligase
the Calvin cycle is another name for what
light-independent reaction
do point mutations cause big or little changes
little changes
What is the structure of ADP
low energy relative to ATP, composed of adenine, ribose and 2 phosphate groups
the instructions in translation
mRNA
What are the three types of RNA found in cells and what is their function
mRNA: messenger of the DNA to the ribosomes tRNA: transfers amino acid to the ribosomes rRNA: make up the ribosomes and are where polypeptides are synthesized
What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle
make sure the cell cycle is working properly
Where do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
metaphase
types of point mutations
missense mutation, silent mutation and nonsense mutation
does the Calvin cycle require light
no
silent mutation
no change to the protein
Structure of RNA
no helix
the building block of DNA is
nucleotides
location of transcription
nucleus
Why is mitosis considered asexual reproduction
only needs 1 parent to divide and copy itself
define point mutation
only one letter is changed
What is being reduced in cellular respiration
oxygen
What does the ribose sugar look like in an ATP drawing
pentagon (5 carbon sugar)
Pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane as clusters called what
photosystems
Plants gather the sun's energy with light -absorbing molecules called what
pigments
What step is the beginning of photosynthesis
pigments in photosystem II absorb light
types of mutation
point mutation or frame-shift mutation
What binds the DNA strand together
polymerase
Where are DNA chromosomes
prophase
Where do centrioles and spindle fibers appear
prophase
Where does chromatin scrunch into chromosomes
prophase
Where does the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear
prophase
What are the phases of mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
Define degenerate
protects against harmful effects of mutation
Most [;amts appear green because chlorophyll
reflects green light
Breaking bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate does what to energy
released energy
Oxygen produced during the light-dependent reaction is
released into the atmosphere
What is the sugar that is present in RNA
ribose
the reader in translation
ribosomes
What structure do pyrimidines have
single ring structure
Forming bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate does what to energy
stores energy
Where does the Calvin cycle occur
stroma
What is the complete overall chemical equation for photosynthesis using chemical symbols instead of words
sunlight + 6H2O + 6 CO2 ~ C6H12O6 + 6O2
the transporter of amino acids
tRNA
Where do centrioles and spindle fibers disappear
telophase
Where do chromosomes spread out as chromatin
telophase
Where do the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear
telophase
What is the codon
the 3 mRNA bases
What is the anticodon
the 3 tRNA bases
Define Redcution
the gaining of electrons
Define Oxidation
the loss of electrons
What is the template for the new DNA strands replication
the parent's DNA pattern
Where does the light cycle occur
thylakoid membrane
What are the 2 pyrimidine bases
thymine and cytosine
purpose of translation
to build proteins from the instruction that mRNA carries
Cellular respiration involves many reactions, each on catalyzed by its own enzyme. Two of high importance are NAD+ and FAD. What is their job in respiration?
to grab electrons and move them NAD+: accepts 2 electrons and 1 H+ to become NADH FAD: accepts 2 electrons and 2 H+ ions to become FADH2
What is the purpose of DNA replication
to make copies of itself and to shorten the time needed to copy the DNA
What is the purpose of cellular respiration
to make energy in the form of ATP
purpose of transcription
to make mRNA from DNA
What is the role of Coenzyme A
to transport the acetyle group
What is the purpose of photosynthesis
to turn sunlight into glucose and O2 for cellular respiration
What did Franklin find
took picture of DNA, and discovered the helix structure
True or False ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used in the the Calvin cycle
true
True or False ATP synthase helps H+ ions in the thylakoid space to pass through the membrane to the stroma happens in the the light dependent cycle
true
True or False ATP synthase spins like a turbine as H+ ions pass through it to generate ATP
true
True or False High energy sugar compounds are made from CO2 happens in the the Calvin cycle
true
True or False Photosynthesis uses energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH produced in the light dependent reaction to make glucose
true
True or False Water is split into H+, electrons and O happens in the the light dependent cycle
true
True or False high energy electrons move through the electron transport chain happens in the the light dependent cycle
true
True or False pigments in photosystems II and I absorb light happens in the the light dependent cycle
true
True or False the Calvin cycle is also called the light-independent reaction
true
True or false ATP synthase is found in the thylakoid membrane
true
True or false Photosystem II is found in the thylakoid membrane
true
True or false electron transport chain is found in the thylakoid membrane
true
True or false photosystem I is found in the thylakoid membrane
true
True or false the Calvin cycle does not require light
true
True or false the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma
true
True or false the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar
true
Does the prep reaction happen once or twice?
twice because there are 2 pyruvates
Does this cycle happen one or twice for 1 glucose molecule
twice because there are 2 pyruvates
What is oxidized in photosynthesis?
water
What bond hold the rungs of DNA together
weak hydrogen bonds
Does the light cycle require light
yes
Is genetic code universal
yes
Does the citric acid cycle need oxygen?
yes, so it is aerobic
Does the prep reaction need oxygen
yes, so it is aerobic
