Biology Unit 3

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number of strands in RNA

1

how many start signals are there

1 (AUG)

What do nucleic bases look like in an ATP drawing

1 hexagon and 1pentagon, or a rectangle

What are the reactants for the prep reaction?

1 pyruvate at a time

How many G3P create 1 glucose

2

How many phosphates are in one molecule of ADP?

2

number of strands in DNA

2

What is the net ATP for the citric acid cycle?

2 ATP joins the 2 ATP in glycolysis to make a net ATP of 4 so far.

What are the products of the prep reaction?

2 NADH, CO2 and an 2 Acetyl groups (only half as much is created for one pyruvate)

What are the products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2 NADH

How many Calvin cycles create 1 G3P

3

How many stop signals are there

3

What does the phosphate look like in an ATP drawing

3 circles

How many total ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration

36

What is our diploid number

46 (23 different chromosomes)

What direction do polymerase add nucleotides to

5' to 3' direction

How many Calvin cycles create 1 glucose

6

How many molecules of CO2 are used to make 1 molecule of glucose

6

What is the overall equation for cellular respiration

6O2 + C6H12O6 ~ 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

All organisms get the energy they need to regenerate ATP from what?

ADP

What does a cell keep more of in reserve ATP or ADP

ADP because it is more stable than ATP, ATP is used very quickly

Name the chemical compound that is responsible for cellular energy

ATP

What are the reactants for the citric acid cycle?

AcetylCoA

Erwin Chargaff found what

Adenine pairs with Thymine and Guanine pairs with Cytosine

What does ADP stand for

Adenosine diphosphate

What does ATP stand for

Adenosine triphosphate

What organisms do glycolysis?

All living organisms do glycolosis because there are no special organelles needed.

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

Anaerobic

Alcohol fermentation is used to make bread dough rise, how come you don't become intoxicated when you eat bread?

Because heat denatures alcohol

Why is G3P technically the end product of photosynthesis?

Because the Calvin cycle produces G3P not glucose, but 2 G3P's create 1 glucose

What is being reduced in photosynthesis?

CO2

What happens in CO2 fixation

CO2 comes in from the atmosphere (one at a time) and RuBP connects to CO2

Steps of the Calvin cycle

CO2 fixation, CO2 reduction, and regenerate RuBP

What are the reactants of the Calvin cycle

CO2, ATP, and NADPH

How does ATP store and release energy?

Cellular respiration turns energy in food into energy the cell can use and the energy is stored in the ATP molecule, but when one phosphate breaks off to form ADP some of that energy is release.

Which stage of cellular respiration makes the most co2

Citric acid cycle

Which stage of cellular respiration makes the most electron carriers

Citric acid cycle

What are the products from the citric acid cycle?

Citric acid, CO2, 2 ATP, 2 FADH, 6NADH (only half as much is created by one acetylCoA group but there are 2

What is the name of the molecule that joins in the preparator reaction to make Aceyl-CoA?

Coenzyme A

Where does glycolysis happen?

Cytoplasm

What is the relationship between DNA and chromosomes

DNA makes up chromosomes and then are winded up to make proteins

What is the overall summary of transcription

DNA serves as a template to make proteins, mRNA copies the DNA template in order to bring the codes to the ribosome

What is the template for transcription

DNA strands

What does DNA stand for

Deoxyribonucleic acid

What happens as electrons pass down the electron transport chain

Energy from the moving electrons transports H+ ions into the inter membrane space

True or False ATP and NADPH are used to produce high energy sugars happens in the the light dependent cycle

False

True or false Used ATP is discarded by the cell as waste

False

If oxygen in not present after glycolysis is done, what step is next in cellular respiration?

Fermentation

What are the parts of interphase

G1: all organelles are replicated (growth) GO: cell stops dividing or S: Cell copies it's DNA G2: Cell makes the molecules and cell parts needed by the new cell

What are the products of the Calvin cycle

G3P (Glucose)

Which molecule stores more than 90 times the energy in an ATP molecule?

Glucose

What are the reactants for gycolysis?

Glucose and 2 ATP

What is the first step of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis

What step begins to release energy stored in glucose?

Glycolysis

What is the sequence of cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, Preparatory Reaction, Kreb Cycle, and Oxidative phosphorylation

What are the bases that are present in RNA

Guanine, Cytosine, Adenine, and Uracil

The movement of which ion across the membrane from the inter-membrane space to the matrix causes ATP synthase to spin and make ATP

H+ ions

Why does the space inside the thylakoid become positively charged during the light-dependent reaction

H+ ions build up in the space as water is split

What drives the formation of ATP by ATP synthase

H+ moving through ATP down its gradient

What are the reactants of the light cycle

H2O and sunlight

What are the products of the oxidative phosphorylation stage

H2O, 32 ATP

What uncoils the DNA and separates the hydrogen bonds that hold the bases together

Helicase

Explain the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs

Heterotrophs eat things that have energy in them Autotrophs make their own energy from the sunligh

What is the structure of ATP

High energy for cells, composed of adenine, ribose and 3 phosphate groups, very negatively charged

What are the parts of the cell cycle

Interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis

Why does FADH2 produce fewer ATP molecules than NADH when it passes its electrons down the electron transport chain

It drops off its electrons and hydrogen to the second protein in the chain rather than the first, so less energy can be taken from it to make ATP

What will happen to the Coenzyme-A once it brings the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle?

It gets recycled and foes back to get more of the acetyl group

How does NADP+ become NADPH

It picks up hydrogen after flowing through ATP synthase and electrons from Photosystem I

Summary of glycolysis

It takes 2 ATP to start glycolysis, Glucose (6 carbon molecule) is broken down in to 2 pyruvate (each 3 carbon molecules) and produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP with a net gain of 2 ATP

If oxygen is present, what will happen to the NADH produced in the preparatory reaction?

It's electrons will enter the electron transport chain

What is a helpful way to remember oxidation and reduction

LEO the lion says GER (Lose Electrons = Oxidation, Gain Electrons = Reduction) or OIL RIG (Oxidation Is Loss, Reduction Is Gain)

bacteria uses this to make cheese, yogurt and sour cream

Lactic Acid fermentation

Where does the preparatory reaction take place?

Matrix of the mitochondria

What regenerates in fermentation

NAD+

The carriers for energy and high energy electrons during glycolysis are what?

NADH and FADH2

Why do NADH and FADH2 produce different amounts of ATP

NADH pumps more hydrogen ions due to the electron transfers that happen further down the line

What are the reactants for the oxidative phosphorylation stage

NADH, FADH2

What molecule acts as a carrier for high energy electrons during photosynthesis

NADP+

What happens in CO2 reduction

NADPH is oxidized to NADP and then is recylced, ATP is oxidized to ADP+P and then is recylced, then the reduction of CO2 makes G3P

Does fermentation require oxygen?

No, so it is anaerbic

What are the products of the light cycle

O2, ATP , NADPH

Which stage of cellular respiration produces the most ATP

Oxidative phosphorylation

A student conducts and experiment by collection the gas given off by a green plant in bright sunlight at room temperature. The gas being collected is probably what

Oxygen

What molecule is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain

Oxygen

What is the source of electrons that replaces those excited/lost from photosystem II and photosystem I

PSII: electrons from the splitting of water PSI: electrons from the end of the ETC

What are the names of the two parts of photosynthesis

Photosystem II (chlorophyll a) and Photosystem I (chlorophyll b)

Steps of the light cycle

Photosystem II absorbs sunlight, H2O ions are split so that O2 is released into the atmosphere and the electrons pass down the electron transport chain and the H+ ions form a gradient in the thylakoid, then the H+ ions pass through proteins into the stroma, next Photosystem I absorbs sunlight and the electrons that had passes through the ETC produce NADP in the stroma, Next the H+ ions that are in the stroma bind with NADP to produce NADPH and the H+ ions that are still in the thylakoid go through ATP synthase and produce ATP

What is the name of the 3 carbon molecule that is produced when glucose is broken in half during glycolysis?

Pyruvate

Equation for alcoholic fermentation

Pyruvate produces Alcohol, CO2 and NAD+

Equation of lactic acid fermentation

Pyruvate produces Lactic Acid and NAD+

enzyme involved in transcription

RNA polymerase

What molecule make up the backbone of DNA

Ribose and phosphate

What happens during regenerate RuBP

RuBP has to be regenerated

Explain the parts of chloroplasts

Stroma: fluid filled interior Thylakoid: flattened disk Grana: stack of thylakoids

What is the ultimate source of energy?

Sunlight

What has happened to the original molecule of glucos by the end of the Citric acid cycle

The glucose is broken down and its energy is in the form of electrons carried by NADH and FADH2

Why is fermentation needed?

To be able to produce the NAD+ so that glycolysis can keep on happening

True or false ADP forms when ATP loses a phosphate and releases energy

True

True or false ATP consists of ribose sugar, adenine, and 3 phosphate groups

True

True or false ATP provides energy for active transport in cells

True

How many overall ATP are made at the end of aerobic respiration

about 32

define frameshift mutation

add or delete one letter which changes all the 3 letter codons after the mutation

What are the 2 purine bases

adenine and guanine

What are the 4 possible nitrogenous bases in DNA

adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine

Bacteria and yeast use this to make beer and wine

alcoholic fermentation

Yeast uses this to make bread do rise

alcoholic fermentation

Where do chromosomes split and move apart

anaphase

does frameshift mutation cause big or little changes

big

Chlorophyll absorbs light very well in what regions of the visible spectrum

blue-violet and red

What did Watson and Crick discover

built models of DNA, discovered the proper base pair, noticed how DNA copies itself due to the structure

define mutation

change to DNA

missense mutation definition

change to one amino acid

nonsense mutation

changes when the strand stops

what is the main pigment in photosynthesis

chlorophyll

Why do plants look green

chlorophyll absorbs violet, blue and red, but reflects green

Why do leaves change color in the fall

chlorophyll breaks down in the fall and carotenoids appear which absorb violet, blue and green and reflect yellow, orange and red

Name the 6 carbon molecule that forms when Acetyl-CoA joins its 2 carbons to make a 4 carbon molecule during the citric acid cycle

citric acid

What is a photosystem and what is the role of the photosystems?

collection of chlorophyll molecules and they act as light-gathering molecules

What molecules make up the rungs of DNA

complementary base pairs

What bond hold the backbones of DNA together

covalent bond

Where does cytoplasm split

cytokinesis

location of translation

cytoplasm/ ribosomes

What are the three properties of genetic code

degenerate, unambiguous, and start/stop signals

What is the sugar that is present in DNA

deoxyribose

Structure of DNA

double helix

The DNA is shaped as a

double helix

What structure do purines have

double ring structure

Define unambiguous

each codon has only one meaning

Define diploid

each type of chromosome is represented twice in each body cell

Where do the 3 checkpoint occur

end of G1, during s phase, and end of mitosis

Why is glucose considered a universal process?

every living thing does glycolysis (because oxygen is not in order to perform glycolysis)

True or False ATP is produced by ATP synthase and oxygen is released happens in the the Calvin cycle

false

True or False CO2 molecules enter the light-dependent reaction from the atmosphere

false

True or False The light-dependent reaction produces ATP, NADPH and CO2

false

True or False increasing light intensity decreases the rate of photosynthesis

false

True or False the oxygen released by the plant comes from the splitting of CO2

false

True or false the Calvin cycle makes ATP and NADPH

false

True or false the Calvin cycle requires light

false

True or false the Calvin cycle takes place in the thylakoid membrane

false

What is the term for the role of oxygen in Oxidative phosphorylation

final electron receptor

What is being oxidized in cellular respiration

glucose

Why do cells divide

growth, to keep cell size small, efficiency of cell transport, reproduction, and repair

Define gene

has genetic material for offspring traits and is the section of DNA that contains instructions to build proteins

Where do the carbon atoms in pyruvate end up following the citric acid cycle?

in the atmosphere as carbon dioxide

Where does the citric acid cycle occur?

in the matrix of the mitochondria

Where are photosystems located

in the thylakoid

Where are photosystem I and II found

in the thylakoid membrane

Where does a cell spend most of its time during the cell cycle

interphase

Where is DNA Chromatin

interphase

Where is the cell doing its job

interphase

What is the advantage of releasing energy stored in glucose slowly rather than all at once

it allows energy to be produced much more efficiently and so it doesn't blow up the cell

Your muscle cells use this during rapid exercise when oxygen is low

lactic acid fermentation

What strand is replicated in fragments in the opposite direction

lagging strand (5' side) (makes the 3' strand)

Which strand is replicated in a continuous manner in the same direction as the replication fork

leading strand (3' side) (makes the 5' strand)

What joins the fragments together to form a continuous strand

ligase

the Calvin cycle is another name for what

light-independent reaction

do point mutations cause big or little changes

little changes

What is the structure of ADP

low energy relative to ATP, composed of adenine, ribose and 2 phosphate groups

the instructions in translation

mRNA

What are the three types of RNA found in cells and what is their function

mRNA: messenger of the DNA to the ribosomes tRNA: transfers amino acid to the ribosomes rRNA: make up the ribosomes and are where polypeptides are synthesized

What is the role of checkpoints in the cell cycle

make sure the cell cycle is working properly

Where do chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell

metaphase

types of point mutations

missense mutation, silent mutation and nonsense mutation

does the Calvin cycle require light

no

silent mutation

no change to the protein

Structure of RNA

no helix

the building block of DNA is

nucleotides

location of transcription

nucleus

Why is mitosis considered asexual reproduction

only needs 1 parent to divide and copy itself

define point mutation

only one letter is changed

What is being reduced in cellular respiration

oxygen

What does the ribose sugar look like in an ATP drawing

pentagon (5 carbon sugar)

Pigments are located in the thylakoid membrane as clusters called what

photosystems

Plants gather the sun's energy with light -absorbing molecules called what

pigments

What step is the beginning of photosynthesis

pigments in photosystem II absorb light

types of mutation

point mutation or frame-shift mutation

What binds the DNA strand together

polymerase

Where are DNA chromosomes

prophase

Where do centrioles and spindle fibers appear

prophase

Where does chromatin scrunch into chromosomes

prophase

Where does the nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear

prophase

What are the phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Define degenerate

protects against harmful effects of mutation

Most [;amts appear green because chlorophyll

reflects green light

Breaking bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate does what to energy

released energy

Oxygen produced during the light-dependent reaction is

released into the atmosphere

What is the sugar that is present in RNA

ribose

the reader in translation

ribosomes

What structure do pyrimidines have

single ring structure

Forming bonds between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate does what to energy

stores energy

Where does the Calvin cycle occur

stroma

What is the complete overall chemical equation for photosynthesis using chemical symbols instead of words

sunlight + 6H2O + 6 CO2 ~ C6H12O6 + 6O2

the transporter of amino acids

tRNA

Where do centrioles and spindle fibers disappear

telophase

Where do chromosomes spread out as chromatin

telophase

Where do the nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear

telophase

What is the codon

the 3 mRNA bases

What is the anticodon

the 3 tRNA bases

Define Redcution

the gaining of electrons

Define Oxidation

the loss of electrons

What is the template for the new DNA strands replication

the parent's DNA pattern

Where does the light cycle occur

thylakoid membrane

What are the 2 pyrimidine bases

thymine and cytosine

purpose of translation

to build proteins from the instruction that mRNA carries

Cellular respiration involves many reactions, each on catalyzed by its own enzyme. Two of high importance are NAD+ and FAD. What is their job in respiration?

to grab electrons and move them NAD+: accepts 2 electrons and 1 H+ to become NADH FAD: accepts 2 electrons and 2 H+ ions to become FADH2

What is the purpose of DNA replication

to make copies of itself and to shorten the time needed to copy the DNA

What is the purpose of cellular respiration

to make energy in the form of ATP

purpose of transcription

to make mRNA from DNA

What is the role of Coenzyme A

to transport the acetyle group

What is the purpose of photosynthesis

to turn sunlight into glucose and O2 for cellular respiration

What did Franklin find

took picture of DNA, and discovered the helix structure

True or False ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions are used in the the Calvin cycle

true

True or False ATP synthase helps H+ ions in the thylakoid space to pass through the membrane to the stroma happens in the the light dependent cycle

true

True or False ATP synthase spins like a turbine as H+ ions pass through it to generate ATP

true

True or False High energy sugar compounds are made from CO2 happens in the the Calvin cycle

true

True or False Photosynthesis uses energy from ATP and high energy electrons from NADPH produced in the light dependent reaction to make glucose

true

True or False Water is split into H+, electrons and O happens in the the light dependent cycle

true

True or False high energy electrons move through the electron transport chain happens in the the light dependent cycle

true

True or False pigments in photosystems II and I absorb light happens in the the light dependent cycle

true

True or False the Calvin cycle is also called the light-independent reaction

true

True or false ATP synthase is found in the thylakoid membrane

true

True or false Photosystem II is found in the thylakoid membrane

true

True or false electron transport chain is found in the thylakoid membrane

true

True or false photosystem I is found in the thylakoid membrane

true

True or false the Calvin cycle does not require light

true

True or false the Calvin cycle takes place in the stroma

true

True or false the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to make sugar

true

Does the prep reaction happen once or twice?

twice because there are 2 pyruvates

Does this cycle happen one or twice for 1 glucose molecule

twice because there are 2 pyruvates

What is oxidized in photosynthesis?

water

What bond hold the rungs of DNA together

weak hydrogen bonds

Does the light cycle require light

yes

Is genetic code universal

yes

Does the citric acid cycle need oxygen?

yes, so it is aerobic

Does the prep reaction need oxygen

yes, so it is aerobic


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