Biology Unit 8: Classification

Phylogenetics: Evidence of shared ancestory

1. Structure and Function: - Homologous Features: An organ system or boy part that shares a common ancestor in multiple organisms. -Analogous Features: Features that are similar because they have a similar function not a common ancestor. 2. DNA and RNA: - The similar the genetic sequence, the more related the organisms are. 3. ancestry Development: -Example: Embryos of reptiles, birds, and mammals all have amniotic sacs but other Vertebrates lack the amnion. So reptiles, birds, and mammals have shared ancestry.

Cladogram

A branching diagram showing the ancestral relationships between a number of species using physical features.

Shared Characteristics

A feature that all members of a group have in common. An example is hair on mammals.

Derived Characteristics

A feature that evolved only within the group that is being looked at. An example is feathers that are a derived characteristic of birds.

Phylogenetic Tree

A phylogenetic tree uses evolutionary relationships to identify and group organism.

What is a shared, derived character?

A shared characteristic is a feature that al members of a group have in common whereas a derived characteristic is a feature that evolved only within the group that is being looked at.

Cladistics

A system of classification that uses only shared and derived characteristics to determine grouping of organisms into different taxa.

Genus

A taxonomic category ranking used in biological classification that is below a family and above a species level, and includes group(s) of species that are structurally similar or phylogenetically related.

Taxa

A taxonomic category, as a species or genus.

Class

A taxonomic group comprised of organisms that share a common attribute.

Phylum

A taxonomic rank at the level below Kingdom and above Class in biological classification, especially of animals.

Family

A taxonomic rank in the classification of organisms between genus and order. A group of organisms descended from a common ancestor.

Order

A taxonomic rank used in classifying organisms, generally below the class, and comprised of families sharing a set of similar nature or character.

Dichotomous Key

A tool that helps people identify an item using a series of questions that will eventually lead the user to the correct name of the organism. Always gives two choices at each step. "Dichotomous" means divided into two parts.

Taxon

Any particular group within a taxonomic system.

Compare and Contrast Aristotle's system of classification with that of Linnaeus.

Aristotle ( 388- 322 BCE) created a system of classification where there was two taxa; plants and animals. His system broke animals down based on where they live and plants were classifies based on their stems. Aristotle had many problems with his system because plants grow and animals live on both land and water. Whereas the Linnaean system, created by Carolus Linnaeus, also known as the father of classification, created his system where organisms were grouped into hierarchical categories.

Explain how we name a species and what this process is called. Give or use an example in your answer. Why are scientific names important in scientific works?

Binomial Nomenclature is a process that names an organism by using a 2-part name: genus name and a species identifier.

What is Cladistics and what is it used for? How do we show these relationships?

Cladistics used shared derived characters as the only criterion for grouping taxa and determining common ancestry. We show these relationships through cladograms and homologous structures.

List the levels of classification developed by Linnaeus, from the broadest category to the most specific. ( D to S).

Dear: Domain King: Kingdom Phillip: Phylum Can: Class Only: Order Fry: Family Green: Genus Spinach: Species

What do plants and fungi have in common with animals?

Fungi and plants both contain cells with an enclosed nuclei and membrane-bound organelles, which differentiates them from bacteria. They both have cells surrounded by cell walls, which differentiates them from animals.

Domain Eukarya

Included Kingdom(s): Protista, Fungi, Plante, and Animilia Uni/Multi ceullular Eukaryotic DIVERSITY!

Domain Archea

Included Kingdom: Archaebacteria Single Cellular, small Prokaryotic Lacks Peptiodoglycan Salt Vents Thermophiles or Halophiles Lives in HARSH environments

Domain Bacteria

Included Kingdom: Eubacteria Single Cellular Prokaryotic Cell wall made of Peptidoglycan Reproduce by binary fission One circular chromosome

What are the different things modern taxonomists use to classify organisms?

Structure (Homologous structure), Function, Behavior, Physiology, DNA and RNA, and Embroyonic Development.

What is Taxomony? What is a taxon? Why do we use taxomony in biology?

Taxonomy is the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms. A taxon is a taxonomic group of any rank, such as a species, family, or class. We use taxonomy in biology in order to classify organisms based on similarities and differences between other organisms and their physical features.

Carolus Linnaeus

The father of modern classification. His system grouped organisms into hierarchal categories.

Domain

The highest taxonomic rank of organisms in which there are three groupings: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.

Species

The lowest taxonomic rank, and the most basic unit or category of biological classification. An individual belonging to a group of organisms (or the entire group itself) having common characteristics and (usually) are capable of mating with one another to produce fertile offspring.

What are the six kingdoms? How are the different?

The six kingdoms are Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plante, and Animilia.

Phylogenetics

The study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms.

Binomial Nomenclature

The system in which two terms are used to denote a species of living organism, the first one indicating the genus and the second the specific identifier. Translations, word origin, and more definitions Scientific Names: Two parts/words: 1. Genus names (capitalized) 2. Species identifier (not capital). How do we write it? - Genus species (italics) Example: Homo sapiens

What are the three common domains? How are they different?

The three modern domains are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.

Taxonomy

The variety of organisms considered at all levels from populations to ecosystems.

Why are common names less effective?

There are multiple common names for a organisms organisms worldwide. Common names can be uneffective and inaccurate names to use in order to specify organisms and their characteristics.

Why do protists, fungi, plants, and animals share a domain in the six- kingdom system?

They all have a enclosed nucleus, have complex cellular and membrane bound organelles, and are Eukaryotic.

Kingdom

a taxonomic category, grouping together all forms of life having certain fundamental characteristics in common: in the six-kingdom classification scheme adopted by many biologists, separate kingdoms are assigned to different organism. The Linnaean system consists of six kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plante, and Animalia.