Biology Unit 8- Ecology PowerPoint

What do population dynamics do?

Allow ecologists to predicted growth trends, population health, etc.

What is an ecosystem

Consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact

What is a detritivore

Decomposer

What is a signal

A behavior that causes a change in another animal's behavior

What is imprinting

A behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible

What is game theory

A branch of mathematics devoted to the study of strategy in which player seek to maximize their individual returns

What is a food web

A branching food chain with complex trophic interactions

What is a monogamous relationship

A mating system of one male and one female forming an exclusive social pair bond

What is migration

A regular, long-distance change in location

What is a fixed action pattern

A sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable

What is Q10?

A temperature coefficient that calculates the affect of a 10° temperature change on the rate of a reaction

What is operant conditioning

A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment

What is classical conditioning

A type of associative learning in which in arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment

What is proximate causation

Addresses Halle a behavior occurs or is modified

What is ultimate causation

Addresses why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection

What is a population

All of the organisms in the same species living in the same area

What is altruism

An animal behaving in a way that reduces their individual fitness but increases the fitness of others. Selflessness

What is a polygamous relationship

An animal mating with more than one other animals

What is a sign stimulus

An external cue that triggers a fixed action pattern

What is an autotroph

An organism that can make its own food

What is a heterotroph

An organism that relies on eating other organisms for food

What is herbivory

And herbivore eats part of a plant or algae. Plants have various chemical and mechanical defenses against herbivore he, and herbivores have specialized adaptations for feeding. (+/-)

What is a community

Assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction

What is secondary secession

Begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance

What is population growth determined by?

Births, deaths, immigration, emmigration

What is mutualism

Both species benefit from the interaction. (+/+)

What are the different biogeochemical cycles

Carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen

Carbon cycle information

Carbon-based organic molecules are essential to all organisms. Photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic molecules that are used by heterotrophs. A carbon reservoir is fossil fuels. CO2 is taking up and released through photosynthesis and respiration.

What are pheromones

Chemical substances that emit odors

___________ flows through ecosystems, whereas _________ cycles within them

Energy, matter

What are limiting factors

Environmental limitations that prevent populations from experiencing continuous exponential growth

Examples of density dependent factors

Food, water, space, competition, predation, disease, stress, symbiosis

What are age structure diagrams

Graphs that show distribution by ages of females and males within a population

What is symbiosis

Individuals of two or more species live in close contact with one another. Symbiont sis includes parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism

Who emphasized the potential for the game theories use in behavioral ecology?

John Maynard Smith

What is a sensitive period

Limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned

What are density dependent factors

Limiting factors that are affected by the density of a population

What are density independent factors

Limiting factors that are not affected by the density of a population

What are food chains

Link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores

Examples of density independent factors

Natural disasters, weather

What is a behavior

Nervous systems response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or the muscular system

Nitrogen cycle information

Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acid's. The main reservoir of nitrogen is in the atmosphere. Organic nitrogen is decomposed by a modification and that is decomposed by nitrification. Do you nitrification releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere.

What is detritus

Non-living organic matter

What is species richness

Number of different species in the community

What are biogeochemical cycles

Nutrient cycles in ecosystems involving biotic and abiotic components

What is primary succession

Occurs where no soil exists when succession begins

What is commensalism

One species benefits from the interaction, while the other is unaffected by it. (+/0)

What is predation

One species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey. Predation has led to diverse adaptations including mimicry. (+/-)

What are invasive species

Organisms that become established outside their native range

Phosphorus cycle information

Phosphorus is a major constituent of nucleic acid's and ATP. A reservoir of the phosphorus is sedimentary rock. It moves throughout the earth through rocks.

What is the order of trophic structure

Primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer, etc.

What is relative abundance

Proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

What are interspecific interactions

Relationships between species in a community

What is logistic growth

Restricted growth where population rate accelerates then slows down to carrying capacity overtime

What is K selection aka density dependent selection

Selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density

What is our selection also known as density independent selection

Selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction

What is ecological succession

Sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance

What are population dynamics

Size, density, distribution, age composition, and changes of the population over time

What are keystone species

Species that exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches. Not necessarily abundant

What is behavioral ecology

Study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior

What abiotic factor can change reaction rates in all organisms?

Temperature

What is secondary production

The amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass during a given period of time

What is trophic structure

The feeding relationships between organisms in a community. Key factor in community dynamics

What is production efficiency

The fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration

What is carrying capacity

The maximum population size the environment can support

What is learning

The modification of behavior based on specific experiences

What is parasitism

The parasite derives its nourishment from a second organism, it's host, which is harmed. (+/-)

What is population dispersion

The pattern of distribution of individuals within a population. There is random, uniform, and clumped

What is trophic efficiency

The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. It is usually about 10%

What is inclusive fitness

The total affect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring

What is communication

The transmission and reception of signals

Water cycle information

The water cycle conducts all other cycles and is essential to all organisms. The oceans contain 97% of the biosphere is water. Water moves by the processes of of Apparation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement throughout surface and groundwater

What is competition

Two or more species compete for a resource that is short and supply. (-/-)

What is exponential growth

Unrestricted, accelerating growth of population over time

What is species diversity

Variety of organisms that make up the community

What is associative learning

When animals associate one feature of their environment with another