Biology Unit 8- Ecology PowerPoint
What do population dynamics do?
Allow ecologists to predicted growth trends, population health, etc.
What is an ecosystem
Consists of all the organisms living in a community, as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact
What is a detritivore
Decomposer
What is a signal
A behavior that causes a change in another animal's behavior
What is imprinting
A behavior that includes learning and innate components and is generally irreversible
What is game theory
A branch of mathematics devoted to the study of strategy in which player seek to maximize their individual returns
What is a food web
A branching food chain with complex trophic interactions
What is a monogamous relationship
A mating system of one male and one female forming an exclusive social pair bond
What is migration
A regular, long-distance change in location
What is a fixed action pattern
A sequence of unlearned, innate behaviors that is unchangeable
What is Q10?
A temperature coefficient that calculates the affect of a 10° temperature change on the rate of a reaction
What is operant conditioning
A type of associative learning in which an animal learns to associate one of its behaviors with a reward or punishment
What is classical conditioning
A type of associative learning in which in arbitrary stimulus is associated with a reward or punishment
What is proximate causation
Addresses Halle a behavior occurs or is modified
What is ultimate causation
Addresses why a behavior occurs in the context of natural selection
What is a population
All of the organisms in the same species living in the same area
What is altruism
An animal behaving in a way that reduces their individual fitness but increases the fitness of others. Selflessness
What is a polygamous relationship
An animal mating with more than one other animals
What is a sign stimulus
An external cue that triggers a fixed action pattern
What is an autotroph
An organism that can make its own food
What is a heterotroph
An organism that relies on eating other organisms for food
What is herbivory
And herbivore eats part of a plant or algae. Plants have various chemical and mechanical defenses against herbivore he, and herbivores have specialized adaptations for feeding. (+/-)
What is a community
Assemblage of populations of various species living close enough for potential interaction
What is secondary secession
Begins in an area where soil remains after a disturbance
What is population growth determined by?
Births, deaths, immigration, emmigration
What is mutualism
Both species benefit from the interaction. (+/+)
What are the different biogeochemical cycles
Carbon, oxygen, sulfur, and nitrogen
Carbon cycle information
Carbon-based organic molecules are essential to all organisms. Photosynthetic organisms convert CO2 to organic molecules that are used by heterotrophs. A carbon reservoir is fossil fuels. CO2 is taking up and released through photosynthesis and respiration.
What are pheromones
Chemical substances that emit odors
___________ flows through ecosystems, whereas _________ cycles within them
Energy, matter
What are limiting factors
Environmental limitations that prevent populations from experiencing continuous exponential growth
Examples of density dependent factors
Food, water, space, competition, predation, disease, stress, symbiosis
What are age structure diagrams
Graphs that show distribution by ages of females and males within a population
What is symbiosis
Individuals of two or more species live in close contact with one another. Symbiont sis includes parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism
Who emphasized the potential for the game theories use in behavioral ecology?
John Maynard Smith
What is a sensitive period
Limited developmental phase that is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned
What are density dependent factors
Limiting factors that are affected by the density of a population
What are density independent factors
Limiting factors that are not affected by the density of a population
What are food chains
Link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores
Examples of density independent factors
Natural disasters, weather
What is a behavior
Nervous systems response to a stimulus and is carried out by the muscular or the muscular system
Nitrogen cycle information
Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acid's. The main reservoir of nitrogen is in the atmosphere. Organic nitrogen is decomposed by a modification and that is decomposed by nitrification. Do you nitrification releases nitrogen back into the atmosphere.
What is detritus
Non-living organic matter
What is species richness
Number of different species in the community
What are biogeochemical cycles
Nutrient cycles in ecosystems involving biotic and abiotic components
What is primary succession
Occurs where no soil exists when succession begins
What is commensalism
One species benefits from the interaction, while the other is unaffected by it. (+/0)
What is predation
One species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey. Predation has led to diverse adaptations including mimicry. (+/-)
What are invasive species
Organisms that become established outside their native range
Phosphorus cycle information
Phosphorus is a major constituent of nucleic acid's and ATP. A reservoir of the phosphorus is sedimentary rock. It moves throughout the earth through rocks.
What is the order of trophic structure
Primary producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer, tertiary consumer, quaternary consumer, etc.
What is relative abundance
Proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community
What are interspecific interactions
Relationships between species in a community
What is logistic growth
Restricted growth where population rate accelerates then slows down to carrying capacity overtime
What is K selection aka density dependent selection
Selects for life history traits that are sensitive to population density
What is our selection also known as density independent selection
Selects for life history traits that maximize reproduction
What is ecological succession
Sequence of community and ecosystem changes after a disturbance
What are population dynamics
Size, density, distribution, age composition, and changes of the population over time
What are keystone species
Species that exert strong control on a community by their ecological roles or niches. Not necessarily abundant
What is behavioral ecology
Study of the ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior
What abiotic factor can change reaction rates in all organisms?
Temperature
What is secondary production
The amount of chemical energy in food converted to new biomass during a given period of time
What is trophic structure
The feeding relationships between organisms in a community. Key factor in community dynamics
What is production efficiency
The fraction of energy stored in food that is not used for respiration
What is carrying capacity
The maximum population size the environment can support
What is learning
The modification of behavior based on specific experiences
What is parasitism
The parasite derives its nourishment from a second organism, it's host, which is harmed. (+/-)
What is population dispersion
The pattern of distribution of individuals within a population. There is random, uniform, and clumped
What is trophic efficiency
The percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next. It is usually about 10%
What is inclusive fitness
The total affect an individual has on proliferating its genes by producing offspring and helping close relatives produce offspring
What is communication
The transmission and reception of signals
Water cycle information
The water cycle conducts all other cycles and is essential to all organisms. The oceans contain 97% of the biosphere is water. Water moves by the processes of of Apparation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement throughout surface and groundwater
What is competition
Two or more species compete for a resource that is short and supply. (-/-)
What is exponential growth
Unrestricted, accelerating growth of population over time
What is species diversity
Variety of organisms that make up the community
What is associative learning
When animals associate one feature of their environment with another
