Biology1407 Module 2 Exam Study

in onions (Allium), cells of the sporophyte have 16 chromosomes within each nucleus. Match the number of chromosomes present in each of the following onion tissues. How many chromosomes should be in an endosperm nucleus?

24

The following question refers to the generalized life cycle for land plants shown in the figure. Each number within a circle or square represents a specific plant or plant part, and each number over an arrow represents meiosis, mitosis, or fertilization. - In the figure, which number represents the mature gametophyte?

7

Which of the following environmental factors probably helped early plants to successfully colonize land?

An increased availability of symbiotic partners

Which of the following could occur only after plants moved from the oceans to land?

Animals could also move onto land because there were opportunities for new food sources.

What do fungi and arthropods have in common?

Both groups use chitin for support.

All protists are ________.

Eukaryotic

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Why are mycorrhizal fungi superior to plants at acquiring mineral nutrition from the soil?

Fungi secrete extracellular enzymes that can break down large molecules.

How are bryophytes and seedless vascular plants alike?

In both groups, sperm swim from antheridia to archegonia.

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

Plantae

Assuming equal spore production rates, what is the likely consequence in a bryophyte with both asexual and sexual reproduction versus one with only sexual reproduction?

Species with both types of reproduction have higher population growth rates than species with only sexual reproduction.

According to the endosymbiotic theory, why was it adaptive for the larger (host) cell to keep the engulfed cell alive, rather than digesting it as food?

The engulfed cell provided the host cell with adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

Fungi have an extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. What is the advantage of this characteristic to an organism that gets most of its nutrition through absorption?

The high ratio allows for more material to be acquired from the surroundings and transported through the cell membrane.

Which of the following statements about the transition from ocean to land by plants is most likely to be accurate?

The transition to land was likely gradual, with plants evolving traits that let them survive ever-drier conditions.

Fungi interact with many organisms in mutualistic ways. Which of the following is NOT a fungus that is mutualistic with another organism?

a fungus that produces penicillin that is used by humans to kill infectious bacteria

ungi interact with many organisms in mutualistic ways. Which of the following is NOT a fungus that is mutualistic with another organism?

a fungus that produces penicillin that is used by humans to kill infectious bacteria

Biologists think that endosymbiosis gave rise to mitochondria before plastids partly because

all eukaryotes have mitochondria (or their remnants), whereas many eukaryotes do not have plastids.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic that distinguishes gymnosperms and angiosperms from other plants?

alternation of generations

he adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is primarily related to ________.

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition

The most important adaptive advantage associated with the filamentous nature of fungal mycelia is

an extensive surface area well suited for invasive growth and absorptive nutrition.

Deuteromycetes ________.

are the group of fungi that have, at present, no known sexual stage

Green algae differ from land plants in that many green algae ________.

are unicellular

similar to most amoebozoans, the forams and the radiolarians also have pseudopods, as do some of the white blood cells of animals (monocytes). If one were to erect a taxon that included all organisms that have cells with pseudopods, the taxon would ________.

be polyphyletic

If you walk through an area with mosses and ferns, you are seeing ________.

both sporophyte and gametophyte generations

Which of the following groups is matched with a correct anatomical feature?

brown algae → blade

You observe the gametes of a fungal species under the microscope and realize that they resemble animal sperm. To which of the following groups does the fungus belong?

chytrids

You are given an unknown organism to identify. It is unicellular and heterotrophic. It is motile, using many short extensions of the cytoplasm, each featuring the 9 + 2 filament pattern. It has well-developed organelles and two nuclei, one large and one small. This organism is most likely to be a ________.

ciliate

The chloroplasts of land plants are thought to have been derived according to which evolutionary sequence?

cyanobacteria → green algae → land plant

You are given the task of designing an aquatic protist that is a primary producer. It cannot swim on its own, yet must stay in well-lit surface waters. It must be resistant to physical damage from wave action. It should be most similar to a(n) ________.

diatom

Which of the following organisms is a producer?

diatoms

Which of the following is a characteristic of all angiosperms?

double internal fertilization

Previously recognized similarities that seemed to connect slime molds and fungi are now considered to be ________.

examples of convergent evolution

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the fruit of angiosperms?

female sporophyte

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to

ferns

A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a tropical rain forest. Investigation of its anatomy and life cycle shows the following characteristics: flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate gametophyte, and sporophyte generations with the sporophyte dominant, and no seeds. This plant is probably most closely related to ________.

ferns

Reinforced, threadlike pseudopods that can perform phagocytosis are generally characteristic of ________.

foramifera

When a mycelium infiltrates an unexploited source of dead organic matter, what are most likely to appear within the food source soon thereafter?

fungal enzymes

When pathogenic fungi are found growing on the roots of grape vines, grape farmers sometimes respond by covering the ground around their vines with plastic sheeting and pumping a gaseous fungicide into the soil. The most important concern of grape farmers who engage in this practice should be that the ________.

fungicide might also kill mycorrhizae

The most direct ancestors of land plants were probably ________.

green algae

According to the phylogeny presented in this chapter, which protists are in the same eukaryotic supergroup as plants?

green algae AND red algae

All fungi are

heterotrophic

Key features of seed plants facilitating life on land include three of the following four traits. Select the exception.

homospory

According to the fossil record, plants colonized terrestrial habitats ________.

in conjunction with fungi that helped provide them with nutrients from the soil

The evolution of a vascular system in plants allowed which of the following to occur?

increased height, improved competition for light, and increased spore dispersal distances

Some companies advertise and sell mycorrhizae to home gardeners and commercial farms, claiming that the presence of mycorrhizae improves plant growth and survival. If the company conducted experiments on plants with and without mycorrhizae, which of the following measurements would support their claim?

increased production of corn ears in plants with mycorrhizae than in plants without mycorrhizae

Many mammals have skins and mucous membranes that are sensitive to phenolic secretions of plants like poison oak (Rhus). These secondary compounds are primarily adaptations that ________.

inhibit herbivory

Which of the following sex and generation combinations directly produces the pollen tube of angiosperms?

male gametophyte

With respect to angiosperms, which of the following is incorrectly paired with its chromosome count?

megaspore—2n

The generative cell of male angiosperm gametophytes is haploid. This cell divides to produce two haploid sperm cells. What type of cell division does the generative cell undergo to produce these sperm cells?

mitosis

Healthy individuals of Paramecium Bursaria contain photosynthetic algal endosymbionts of the genus Chlorella. When within their hosts, the algae are referred to as zoochlorellae. In aquaria with light coming from only one side, P. bursaria gather at the well-lit side, whereas other species of Paramecium gather at the opposite side. The zoochlorellae provide their hosts with glucose and oxygen, and P. bursaria provides its zoochlorellae with protection and motility. P. bursaria can lose its zoochlorellae in two ways: (1) if kept in darkness, the algae will die; and (2) if prey items (mostly bacteria) are absent from its habitat, P. bursaria will digest its zoochlorellae.

mutualistic

Some fungal species live in plants and can kill herbivores that feed on the plant. What type of relationship does this fungus have with its host?

mutualistic

Arrange the following in order from largest to smallest, assuming that they all come from the same fungus.

mycelium, basidiocarp, gill, basidium, basidiospore

Apical meristems ________.

occur in both roots and shoots of plants

Gymnosperms and angiosperms have the following in common except

ovaries

Which taxon is essentially equivalent to the "embryophytes"?

plantae

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

Compared to animal-pollinated plants, wind-pollinated angiosperms ________.

produce much more pollen because winds disperse pollen randomly

Unlike almost all ferns, seed plants ________.

produce two kinds of spores

In most fungi, karyogamy does not immediately follow plasmogamy, which consequently ________.

results in heterokaryotic or dikaryotic cells

Which of these events, based on plant fossils, came last (most recently)?

rise and diversification of angiosperms

The fact that amoebas are not monophyletic demonstrates that ________

scientists need to continue to investigate the origins and evolutionary history of protists

Plastids that are surrounded by more than two membranes are evidence of

secondary endosymbiosis

Which of these are spore-producing structures?

sporophyte (capsule) of a moss

Arrange the following structures, which can be found on male pine trees, from the largest structure to the smallest structure (or from most inclusive to least inclusive).

sporophyte, pollen cone, microsporangia, microspores, pollen nuclei

One day, you go outside and see that the cars on the street are covered in a yellow "dust." Which of the following statements can be correctly applied to this "dust"?

the dust is pollen and is so abundant because the pines are wind-pollinated