Biomechanics final exam 4,5,6

The water content of bone makes up approximately what percentage of the total bone weight?

25-30%

Which of the following components of bone provides it with flexibility?

collagen

Cortical bone is strongest in resisting which type of stress?

compressive stress

Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?

scapula

The elasticity of human skeletal muscle tissue is believed to be due primarily to which of the following?

series elastic component

The increased force generation capability of a slightly stretched muscle is primarily due to which of the following?

series elastic component

The tarsals are examples of what type of bones?

short bones

When a skier's body rotates in a direction opposite of the foot (held steady by the boot), what type of fracture is likely in the tibia?

spiral

How do bones typically respond to stress?

hypertrophy

During the first 12 weeks of resistance training, strength gains are due primarily to what?

improved innervation of the muscle

Which behavioral property of muscle tissue is defined as "the ability to respond to a stimulus"?

irritability

A contraction in which there is not a change in length is called what?

isometric

A goniometer is used to directly measure what?

joint range of motion

The "ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement" defines what?

joint stability

In human skeletal muscle, force generation capability is highest in which of the following conditions?

muscle is slightly lengthened

The stretch reflex, or myotatic reflex, is provoked by activation of which of the following in a stretched muscle?

muscle spindles

The opposite of muscular endurance is what?

muscular fatigability

Which of the following terms best describes the rate of torque production at a joint?

muscular power

The amount of torque a muscle group can generate at a joint is used to measure what?

muscular strength

Which of the following characterizes the "close-packed position" at a joint?

neither

When flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis are the three major agonists recruited to perform this movement because all cause flexion at the elbow. However, the biceps also cause supination, an undesired movement. Therefore another muscle acting as a ________, causing ________ must be recruited to prevent the undesired motion.

neutralizer;pronation

The force-velocity relationship implies which of the following?

none

Which of the following does not affect the range of motion at a joint?

number of proprioceptors

Hinge joints have how many axes?

one

Pivot joints have how many axes?

one

Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length?

strain

Which type of fracture results from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude?

stress

Which joint category contains articulations with the greatest range of motion?

synarthrosis

The knee is an example of which type joint?

synovial

Where is the series elastic component (SEC) of a muscle found?

tendons

Which connective tissue attaches muscle to bone?

tendons

Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?

the humerus

Which of the following is an irregular bone?

vertebrae

A fracture caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called what?

avulsion fracture

Which of the following statements is true?

When movement is slow, slow twitch fibers are recruited first.

Which statement(s) is/are true?

When muscles are fatigued, ligaments are at a greater risk of injury.

What is the result when a ligament is stretched beyond its elastic limit?

all of the above

Which of the following are characteristics of diarthrodial joints?

all of the above

Which of the following contain synovial fluid?

all of the above

Which of the following is a behavioral property of muscle tissue?

all of the above

Which of the following is a possible symptom of osteoporosis?

all of the above

Which of the following is associated with triaxial joints?

all of the above

Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?

all of the above

Which of the following is true regarding bursitis?

all of the above

Which of the following is true regarding epiphyseal plate injuries?

all of the above

Which of the following is true regarding the stretch-shortening cycle?

all of the above

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bursae?

all of the above

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of muscle fatigue?

all of the above

Which of the following is/are part of the "female athlete triad"?

all of the above

Which of the following joint injuries is accompanied by inflammation?

all of the above

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding bone growth?

all of the above

Which statement(s) is/are true?

all of the above

Which of the following is/are known risk factor(s) for developing osteoporosis?

all of these above

What role do the triceps play during the down phase of an arm curl exercise?

antagonist

Which of the following likely contributes to the stretch-shortening cycle?

both

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the strength of bone?

both

Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true?

both

Where are Golgi tendon organs located?

both in tendons and in the junctions between muscles and their tendons

A single muscle cell is called what?

fiber

Which of the following terms does not fit with the others?

uniaxial

Which of the following statements is/are true?

Both the hip is more stable than the shoulder and the shoulder has more range of motion than the hip.

Which of the following is/are characteristic of fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers?

Fatigue rate is intermediate (faster than type I but slower than type IIB).

The term "hypermobile" is used to describe what?

a joint with an unusually large range of motion

Which of the following most accurately describes a motor unit?

a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates

Which of the following is a unique behavioral property of muscle tissue?

ability to develop tension

When the wrist is flexed, the finger flexors cannot produce as tight a fit as when the wrist is in a neutral position. This is an example of what?

active insufficiency

A muscle directly involved in causing a segment to move is called what?

agonist

A triaxial joint allows which of the following movements?

all of the above

Electromechanical delay (EMD) is influenced by a complex array of interrelated factors to include which of the following?

all of the above

Joint stability is affected by which of the following?

all of the above

Range of motion at a joint is influenced by which of the following?

all of the above

The "female athlete triad" can result in which of the following?

all of the above

What happens when osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity?

all of the above

What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis?

back pain derived from vertebral fractures

Which of the following occurs in the absence of gravitational forces?

bone atrophy

What happens when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity?

bone mass decreases

Golgi tendon organs respond in which of the following ways?

both

In a child, severe injury to an epiphysis may result in which of the following?

both

Loss of bone mass has been found in which of the following?

both

The torque of a muscle (rotary component) is greatest in what position?

both

Undesirably low body weight in young female athletes can lead to what?

both

What characteristics do tendons and ligaments share with muscles?

both

Which of the following activates the muscle spindles?

both

Which of the following are examples of articular fibrocartilage?

both

Which of the following are functions of articular cartilage?

both

Which of the following factors can predispose runners to stress fractures?

both

Which of the following heightens the risk of injury?

both

Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of multijoint muscles?

both

Which of the following is true regarding greenstick fractures?

both

Which of the following is true regarding the parallel elastic component (PEC) of muscular elasticity?

both

Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of tendon sheaths?

both

Which of the following is/are true regarding amphiarthrodial joints?

both

Which type of flexibility accompanies the ROM achieved by actively contracting the antagonist muscle?

dynamic flexibility

What type of muscle contraction is employed by the elbow flexors when slowly lowering your backpack to your desk?

eccentric

When an opposing torque at a joint is greater than the torque created by a muscle, what type of contraction occurs in that muscle?

eccentric

Which of the following types of muscle tension is commonly used as a braking mechanism to slow limb movement?

eccentric

Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint?

elbow

Which of the following is known as the longitudinal "growth center" of a bone?

epiphysis

Which type of muscle could serve as an antagonist of a flexor?

extensor

The technique of muscle stretching known as proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is based on responses elicited from which of the following?

golgi tendon organs

Which type(s) of arthritis is/are non-inflammatory?

osteoarthritis

Specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue are called what?

osteoblasts

Reduced bone mass and density without the presence of a fracture defines what?

osteopenia

Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is an example of what type of stretching?

passive stretching

Which of the following refers to the stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles?

passive stretching

Which type of stretching demonstrates greater range of motion?

passive stretching

Which of the following time periods is termed electromechanical delay?

the time required for the muscle to initiate the development of tension after receipt of the nerve impulse

Which type of stress on a long bone will likely result in a spiral fracture?

torsion

Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity?

trabecular

Which of the following is not associated with synarthrodial joints?

typically weak