Biomechanics final exam 4,5,6
The water content of bone makes up approximately what percentage of the total bone weight?
25-30%
Which of the following components of bone provides it with flexibility?
collagen
Cortical bone is strongest in resisting which type of stress?
compressive stress
Which of the following is an example of a flat bone?
scapula
The elasticity of human skeletal muscle tissue is believed to be due primarily to which of the following?
series elastic component
The increased force generation capability of a slightly stretched muscle is primarily due to which of the following?
series elastic component
The tarsals are examples of what type of bones?
short bones
When a skier's body rotates in a direction opposite of the foot (held steady by the boot), what type of fracture is likely in the tibia?
spiral
How do bones typically respond to stress?
hypertrophy
During the first 12 weeks of resistance training, strength gains are due primarily to what?
improved innervation of the muscle
Which behavioral property of muscle tissue is defined as "the ability to respond to a stimulus"?
irritability
A contraction in which there is not a change in length is called what?
isometric
A goniometer is used to directly measure what?
joint range of motion
The "ability of a joint to resist abnormal displacement" defines what?
joint stability
In human skeletal muscle, force generation capability is highest in which of the following conditions?
muscle is slightly lengthened
The stretch reflex, or myotatic reflex, is provoked by activation of which of the following in a stretched muscle?
muscle spindles
The opposite of muscular endurance is what?
muscular fatigability
Which of the following terms best describes the rate of torque production at a joint?
muscular power
The amount of torque a muscle group can generate at a joint is used to measure what?
muscular strength
Which of the following characterizes the "close-packed position" at a joint?
neither
When flexing the elbow, the biceps brachii, brachioradialis, and brachialis are the three major agonists recruited to perform this movement because all cause flexion at the elbow. However, the biceps also cause supination, an undesired movement. Therefore another muscle acting as a ________, causing ________ must be recruited to prevent the undesired motion.
neutralizer;pronation
The force-velocity relationship implies which of the following?
none
Which of the following does not affect the range of motion at a joint?
number of proprioceptors
Hinge joints have how many axes?
one
Pivot joints have how many axes?
one
Which of the following terms is defined as deformation divided by original length?
strain
Which type of fracture results from repeated loading of relatively low magnitude?
stress
Which joint category contains articulations with the greatest range of motion?
synarthrosis
The knee is an example of which type joint?
synovial
Where is the series elastic component (SEC) of a muscle found?
tendons
Which connective tissue attaches muscle to bone?
tendons
Which of the following is part of the appendicular skeleton?
the humerus
Which of the following is an irregular bone?
vertebrae
A fracture caused by a tendon or ligament pulling a small chip of bone away from the rest of the bone is called what?
avulsion fracture
Which of the following statements is true?
When movement is slow, slow twitch fibers are recruited first.
Which statement(s) is/are true?
When muscles are fatigued, ligaments are at a greater risk of injury.
What is the result when a ligament is stretched beyond its elastic limit?
all of the above
Which of the following are characteristics of diarthrodial joints?
all of the above
Which of the following contain synovial fluid?
all of the above
Which of the following is a behavioral property of muscle tissue?
all of the above
Which of the following is a possible symptom of osteoporosis?
all of the above
Which of the following is associated with triaxial joints?
all of the above
Which of the following is part of the axial skeleton?
all of the above
Which of the following is true regarding bursitis?
all of the above
Which of the following is true regarding epiphyseal plate injuries?
all of the above
Which of the following is true regarding the stretch-shortening cycle?
all of the above
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of bursae?
all of the above
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of muscle fatigue?
all of the above
Which of the following is/are part of the "female athlete triad"?
all of the above
Which of the following joint injuries is accompanied by inflammation?
all of the above
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding bone growth?
all of the above
Which statement(s) is/are true?
all of the above
Which of the following is/are known risk factor(s) for developing osteoporosis?
all of these above
What role do the triceps play during the down phase of an arm curl exercise?
antagonist
Which of the following likely contributes to the stretch-shortening cycle?
both
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the strength of bone?
both
Which of the following statements regarding bone growth is true?
both
Where are Golgi tendon organs located?
both in tendons and in the junctions between muscles and their tendons
A single muscle cell is called what?
fiber
Which of the following terms does not fit with the others?
uniaxial
Which of the following statements is/are true?
Both the hip is more stable than the shoulder and the shoulder has more range of motion than the hip.
Which of the following is/are characteristic of fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic fibers?
Fatigue rate is intermediate (faster than type I but slower than type IIB).
The term "hypermobile" is used to describe what?
a joint with an unusually large range of motion
Which of the following most accurately describes a motor unit?
a single motor neuron and all muscle fibers it innervates
Which of the following is a unique behavioral property of muscle tissue?
ability to develop tension
When the wrist is flexed, the finger flexors cannot produce as tight a fit as when the wrist is in a neutral position. This is an example of what?
active insufficiency
A muscle directly involved in causing a segment to move is called what?
agonist
A triaxial joint allows which of the following movements?
all of the above
Electromechanical delay (EMD) is influenced by a complex array of interrelated factors to include which of the following?
all of the above
Joint stability is affected by which of the following?
all of the above
Range of motion at a joint is influenced by which of the following?
all of the above
The "female athlete triad" can result in which of the following?
all of the above
What happens when osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity?
all of the above
What is the most common symptom of osteoporosis?
back pain derived from vertebral fractures
Which of the following occurs in the absence of gravitational forces?
bone atrophy
What happens when osteoclast activity exceeds osteoblast activity?
bone mass decreases
Golgi tendon organs respond in which of the following ways?
both
In a child, severe injury to an epiphysis may result in which of the following?
both
Loss of bone mass has been found in which of the following?
both
The torque of a muscle (rotary component) is greatest in what position?
both
Undesirably low body weight in young female athletes can lead to what?
both
What characteristics do tendons and ligaments share with muscles?
both
Which of the following activates the muscle spindles?
both
Which of the following are examples of articular fibrocartilage?
both
Which of the following are functions of articular cartilage?
both
Which of the following factors can predispose runners to stress fractures?
both
Which of the following heightens the risk of injury?
both
Which of the following is a potential disadvantage of multijoint muscles?
both
Which of the following is true regarding greenstick fractures?
both
Which of the following is true regarding the parallel elastic component (PEC) of muscular elasticity?
both
Which of the following is/are characteristic(s) of tendon sheaths?
both
Which of the following is/are true regarding amphiarthrodial joints?
both
Which type of flexibility accompanies the ROM achieved by actively contracting the antagonist muscle?
dynamic flexibility
What type of muscle contraction is employed by the elbow flexors when slowly lowering your backpack to your desk?
eccentric
When an opposing torque at a joint is greater than the torque created by a muscle, what type of contraction occurs in that muscle?
eccentric
Which of the following types of muscle tension is commonly used as a braking mechanism to slow limb movement?
eccentric
Which of the following is an example of a uniaxial joint?
elbow
Which of the following is known as the longitudinal "growth center" of a bone?
epiphysis
Which type of muscle could serve as an antagonist of a flexor?
extensor
The technique of muscle stretching known as proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) is based on responses elicited from which of the following?
golgi tendon organs
Which type(s) of arthritis is/are non-inflammatory?
osteoarthritis
Specialized bone cells that build new bone tissue are called what?
osteoblasts
Reduced bone mass and density without the presence of a fracture defines what?
osteopenia
Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation is an example of what type of stretching?
passive stretching
Which of the following refers to the stretching of muscles, tendons, and ligaments by a force other than tension in the antagonist muscles?
passive stretching
Which type of stretching demonstrates greater range of motion?
passive stretching
Which of the following time periods is termed electromechanical delay?
the time required for the muscle to initiate the development of tension after receipt of the nerve impulse
Which type of stress on a long bone will likely result in a spiral fracture?
torsion
Which of the following terms is used to describe bone with relatively high porosity?
trabecular
Which of the following is not associated with synarthrodial joints?
typically weak