BioPsych Chapter 8

Research suggests that ____ sleep is most important for strengthening memories of motor skills. A. REM B. deep C. stage II D. stage I

A. REM

The pons sends inhibitory messages to motor neurons of the spinal cord during which sleep stage(s)? A. REM sleep B. stage 2 C. stage 1 D. stages 3 and 4

A. REM sleep

What does cataplexy involve? A. an attach of muscle weakness while awake B. dreamlike experiences that the person has trouble distinguishing from reality C. repeated involuntary movement of the legs or arms during sleep D. a lack of inhabitation of movement during REM sleep

A. an attach of muscle weakness while awake

When fetal hamster SCN tissue was transplanted, the adult recipients' biological clocks: A. began producing a rhythm consistent with that of the donor B. shifted by one hour C. were unaffected by the donor SCN tissue D. no longer functioned

A. began producing a rhythm consistent with that of the donor

What is a likely consequence if someone's temperature rhythm is phase-delayed? A. difficulty falling asleep B. having problems going to sleep after losing your job C. not breathing during the night D. waking up frequently during the night

A. difficulty falling asleep

A person who is taking an antidepressant that increases serotonin or norepinephrine levels in the brain is most likely to have: A. interrupted or shortened REM sleep B. enhanced dreaming C. prolonged NREM sleep D. prolonged wakefulness

A. interrupted or shortened REM sleep

Which of the following is NOT a common characteristic of narcolepsy? A. involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep B. attacks of muscle weakness during the day C. attacks of sleepiness during the day D. dreamlike experiences that are hard to distinguish from reality

A. involuntary movements of the limbs during sleep

Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity? A. relaxed wakefulness b. periods of great excitement C. NREM sleep D. nightmares

A. relaxed wakefulness

Typically, a person who falls asleep enters: A. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order B. REM and then slowly progresses from stage 4, to 3, then 2, and lastly 1 C. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4, but not necessarily in order D. stage 4 and slowly progresses through the stages 3, 2, 1 and then REM

A. stage 1 and slowly progresses through stages 2, 3 and 4 in order

During dreaming, which of the following area or areas continue to be highly active? A. the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other emotional areas B. the areas of the prefrontal cortex that are key to working memory C. the primary visual cortex and primary auditory cortex D. the primary motor cortex in the precentral gyrus

A. the hypothalamus, amygdala, and other emotional areas

Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. what rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show? A. they will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours B. they will follow the rhythm of 18 hours C. they will cease the show any consistent rhythm D. they will follow a rhythm of 21 hours

A. they will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours

Among adult humans, those who sleep ____ or more hours per night have the highest percentage of REM sleep. A. 10 B. 9 C. 8 D. 5

B. 9

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they: A. produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern B. continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm C. no longer produce any activity D. produce a 20-hour rhythm

B. continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

The input from the eyes to the suprachiasmatic nucleus, responsible for shifting the phase of the circadian rhythm, originates from: A. cones only B. ganglion cells that are not connected to any other cones or rods C. cones and rods equally D. rods only

B. ganglion cells that are not connected to any other cones or rods

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep? A. EEG pattern resembling wakefulness B. tense and active postural muscles C. facial twitches D. increased probability of dreaming

B. tense and active postural muscles

When traveling across time zones, adjustments are easier when traveling which direction? A. Travel to the east is easier B. There is no difference C. Travel to the west is easier D. It varies greatly from person to person

C. Travel to the west is easier

If you wanted to go to sleep at 11 pm, the best time to take melatonin would be: A. at the time you go to bed B. when you wake up that morning C. about 9 pm D. at lunchtime

C. about 9 pm

It appears from research with cats that one function of the messages from the pons to the spinal cord is to prevent us from: A. having difficulty falling asleep B. dreaming C. acting out our dreams D. sleeping too soundly

C. acting out our dreams

With regard to sleep and arousal, the locus coeruleus is: A. active when the pontomesencephalon is not B. very active during sleep C. almost completely inactive during sleep D. instrumental in waking us up

C. almost completely inactive during sleep

After cutting each of the individual tracts that enter the medulla and spinal cord, depriving the brain of almost all sensory input, an animal: A. enters a prolonged state of sleep B. goes into a coma C. continues to have periods of wakefulness and sleep D. stops eating

C. continues to have periods of wakefulness and sleep

Alternation of TIM protein levels by a pulse of light during the night will: A. shorted the onset of sleep B. phase-advance the temperature cycle C. decrease sleepiness D. increase PER protein levels

C. decrease sleepiness

A "zeitgeber" is a(n): A. animal that does not have a biological clock B. body activity that is controlled by a biological clock C. environmental cue that resets a biological clock D. biological clock

C. environmental cue that resets a biological clock

The pineal gland releases the ____ hormone, which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. A. androgen B. estrogen C. melatonin D. melanopsin

C. melatonin

Loss of orexin-containing neurons in the hypothalamus may contribute to: A. insomnia B. sleep apnea C. narcolepsy D. periodic limb movement disorder

C. narcolepsy

PGO (waves) is an abbreviation for which of the following? A. paradoxical gradual onset B. psycho-galvanic oscillation C. pons geniculate occipital D. psych asthenia glyceric onomatopoeia

C. pons geniculate occipital

Which of the following structures is NOT a brain structure of arousal and attention? A. reticular formation B. locus coeruleus C. suprachiamsatic nucleus D. raphe nuclei

C. suprachiamsatic nucleus

Which of the following claims would be made by the evolutionary perspective of sleep? A. sleep enable the body to repair and restore itself to promote survival B. more highly evolved species, such as humans, need more sleep that other species C. the function of sleep is similar to that of hibernation D. during sleep, we relive the experiences of past generations

C. the function of sleep is similar to that of hibernation

Patients with damage to ____ report no dreams. A. the upper part of the parietal cortex B. the non visual areas of the temporal lobe C. the lower part of the parietal cortex D. all layers of the occipital lobe

C. the lower part of the parietal cortex

People with a citation in their per gene are more likely to: A. go to bed late B. have high melatonin C. wake up early D. wake up late

C. wake up early

Which of the following occurs as a normal night;s sleep progress? A. Stage 4 and REM both increase B. Stage 4 increases, while REM decreases C. Stage 4 and REM both decrease D. Stage 4 decreases, while REM increases

D. Stage 4 decreases, while REM increases

An polysomnograph displays: A. the rate of glucose uptake in active regions of the brain B. action potentials of individual neurons C. the electrical resistance of the scalp D. a combination of EEG and eye-movement records

D. a combination of EEG and eye-movement records

Compared to the earlier part, the later part of a night's sleep: A. is characterized by declining body temperature B. includes a lower percentage of REM sleep C. has more slow wave sleep D. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

D. includes a larger percentage of REM sleep

Based on research, it has been determined that the human circadian rhythm appears to be: A. exactly 24 hours B. shorter than 24 hours C. closer to 28 hours D. just over 24 hours

D. just over 24 hours

Sometimes people find themselves unable to move their postural muscles immediately after awakening. Why? A. blood pressure is too low B. an increase insight striking the eyes reflexively inhibits the motor neurons C. the motor nerves are inactive until body temperature reachers its normal level D. part of the brain is still asleep

D. part of the brain is still asleep

True/False Bright light late in the afternoon shortens the circadian rhythm

False

Describe the role of the SCN in circadian rhythms

Is located above the optic chiasm in the hypothalamus. The SCN controls the rhythms for sleep and temperature. The neurons of the SCN generate impulses that follow a circadian rhythm. The SCN is reset by the retinohypothalamic path that extends directly from the retina to the SCN.The retinal ganglion cells that reset the SCN are different from the ganglion cells that contribute to vision and have their own photopigment called melanopsin that responds to slow changes in overall duration of light. These special ganglion cells are located near the nose, not evenly throughout the retina. This way blind people have enough input to the melanopsin-containing ganglion cells to entrain their waking and sleeping cycle to the local pattern of sunlight. the SCN regulates the circadian rhythms through the regulation of two genes, period (per) and timeless (tim). The per and tim genes code for the proteins PER and TIM, respectively. Early in the morning, the concentration of both PER and TIM are low and they increase during the day. In the evening, protein concentrations are high and result in sleepiness. During the night, the genes stop producing the proteins.When PER and TIM levels are high, they feed back to inhibit the genes that produce the messenger RNA molecules. When levels are low, the result is wakefulness.

Discuss the relationship between sleep and memory.

One function of sleep is improved memory. Young adults deprived of a night's sleep show deficits on memory tasks. In contrast, if someone learns something and then goes to sleep, even for a short time, memory after sleeping is improved. Research shows that the patterns that occur in the brain during sleep resembled those that occurred during learning, yet were more rapid during sleep. This suggests the brain replays its daily experiences during sleep and reinforces the learning through repetition. Sleep strengthens memory selectively by reinforcing certain synaptic connections and weakening others to prevent over-activity of the brain. During sleep, the brain also exhibits spindle activities or sleep spindles, which increase in number after new learning. Depriving people of sleep early in the night (non-REM sleep) leads to impairment of verbal learning; depriving people of sleep the latter half of the night (REM sleep deprivation) leads to impaired consolidation of learned motor skills. REM deprivation also leads to increased attempts at REM sleep. REM sleep has been implicated as a useful tool for memory storage. It is a way of consolidating different types of memories.

List the stages of sleep including their dominant electrophysiological marker

Stage I: slow wave sleep, alpha rhythm Stage II: slow wave sleep, sleep spindles, K complexes Stage III: slow wave sleep, delta waves Stage IV: slow wave sleep, delta waves REM sleep: REM

Briefly describe the role of the locus coeruleus in arousal and attention.

The locus coeruleus is a small structure in the pons which is inactive at most times but emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events. It also stores information. Axons from the locus coeruleus release norepinephrine widely throughout the cortex, so this area has a huge influence. Anything that stimulates the locus coeruleus strengthens the storage of recent memories and increases wakefulness. The locus coeruleus is silent during sleep.

Discuss the leading theories on the biological perspectives on dreaming

There are two leading theories and they are the clinico-anatomical hypothesis and the activation-synthesis hypothesis. The clinico-anatomical hypothesis states that dreams being with arousing stimuli that are generated within the brain. This is combined with recent memories and any information that the brain is receiving from the senses. The activation synthesis hypothesis states that dreams represents the brains effort to make sense of distorted informaiton.

True/False In general, animals that have the most total sleep also have the highest percentage of REM sleep

True

True/False Temporary sleep deprivation causes the body to respond in a similar manner as it does being ill

True

True/False The onset of sleep requires active brain processes

True

True/False Young children are more likely to be "morning people" than older adults

True

Provide three explanations for why we sleep.

We sleep to allow the body to recover from the exertions of the day by rebuilding proteins and replenishing energy stores. We sleep to conserve energy at a time of day in which we would be relatively inefficient. We sleep to facilitate learning by consolidating memories.