Biopsychology Chapter 9 Study Guide

What is the pattern of sleep stages and about how long does a single cycle take? (3)

1,2,3,4,3,2, rem, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, rem. About 90 minutes

How long do human sleep/wake cycles last in the absence of any zeitgebers? What effect might this have on jet lag when flying either East or West? (3)

24.5 hours. You want to go to sleep after a certain time but it will get all messed up if we do.

How do we know that the neurons there are intrinsically cyclical? (3)

????

Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity? A.relaxed wakefulness B.periods of great excitement C.nightmares D.NREM sleep

A. relaxed wakefulness

Which of the following people would be most alert when watching a late-night movie? A.40 year old B.20 year old C.16 month baby D.a morning person

B. 20 year old

According to research with humans and animals, sleep probably originated for the purpose of A.mate selection. B.conserving energy. C.dreaming. D.enhancing learning and memory

B. Conserving energy

If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they: A.no longer produce any activity. Correct B.continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm. C.produce a 20-hour rhythm. D.produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern.

B. Continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm

Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment. A.True B.False

B. False

Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep? A.EEG pattern resembling wakefulness B.tense and active postural muscles C.increased probability of dreaming D.facial twitches

B. Tense and active postural muscles

Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show? A.They will follow a rhythm of 18 hours. B.They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours. C.They will follow a rhythm of 21 hours. D.They will cease to show any consistent rhythm.

B. They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours

A stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm is referred to by the German term: A.zeitadian. B.zeitgeber. C.lichtgeber. D.circazeit.

B. zeitgeber

Axons from the locus coeruleus release ____ widely throughout the cortex. A.serotonin B.norepinephrine C.acetylcholine D.dopamine

B.Norepinephrine

Why might a week camping affect a person's sleep/wake cycles? (2)

Being outside in UV light all day will keep you awake, then when it is dark with little to no light you will want to go to sleep earlier

The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams: A.occur only in REM sleep. B.occur only in NREM sleep. C.are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep. D.are more frequent and more vivid in NREM sleep.

C. Are most frequent and more vivid in REM sleep

What is the result of electrical stimulation to the reticular formation? A.Coma B.Sudden onset of sleep C.Increased alertness D.Hallucinations

C. Increased alertness

With extended exposure to complete darkness, the natural human circadian rhythm appears to be: A.shorter than 24 hours. B.exactly 24 hours. C.just over 24 hours. D.closer to 28 hours.

C. Just over 24 hours

REM sleep seems to be especially important for A.verbal learning. B.latent content of dreams. C.procedural (motor) and perceptual learning. D.REM sleep isn't important for anything.

C. Procedural (motor) and perceptual learning

What is also known as slow-wave sleep? A.alpha wave sleep B.stages 1 and 2 C.stages 3 and 4 D.REM sleep

C. Stage 3 and 4

Circadian cycles are to ____ as circannual cycles are to ____. A.mating; hibernating B.light-dark; temperature C.endogenous; exogenous D.daily; yearly

D. Daily;yearly

What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep? A.Use self-report measures. B.Monitor breathing rates. C.Measure muscle tension. D.Monitor brain waves.

D. Monitor brain waves

The activation-synthesis model of dreams says that cortical activity during REM starts in the ___ and results in the random brain activity that results in dreams. However, the clinico-anatomical hypothesis says that this structure isn't necessary for dreaming. A.amygdala B.frontal lobes C.hippocampus D.pons

D. Pons

The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the: A.lateral hypothalamus. B.substantia nigra. C.caudate nucleus. D.suprachiasmatic nucleus.

D. Suprachiasmatic nucleus

If you wanted to go to sleep at 11 pm, the best time to take melatonin would be: A.at lunchtime. B.when you wake up that morning. C.at the time you go to bed. D.about 9 pm.

D. about 9 pm

How do we know the brain is doing different things during different periods of sleep? (4)

EEG scans and neural activity/eye movements

PER and TIM proteins

Early in the morning PER and TIM start at low concentrations. genes produce these proteins throughout the day, they build up and activate autoreceptors and then they dissipate over the night.

What is the role of cortisol in sleep? (3)

It makes you wake up in the morning. It is the stress hormone and it gets your body to wake up in the morning

What sorts of learning might be facilitated by REM and what sorts might be facilitated by NREM (e.g., SWS)? (3)

REM-perceptual learning and procedural learning NREM-verbal learning

What stages are referred to as slow-wave sleep and why? (3)

Stages 3 and 4

What is a circadian rhythm? (5)

The cycles of wake and sleep. The "clocks" are guided by genes. They are not just for sleep, there is also a menstrual cycle one. Our clock is about 24.5 hours

melatonin

The pineal gland releases this hormone which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. It secretes it mostly at night around 9pm that makes us sleepy

What are some similarities and differences between the activationsynthesis and clinico-anatomical hypotheses of dreaming? (4)

With ASH dreams mean absolutely nothing. the whole dream was created when you woke up. The pons is activating random parts of the cortex during REM sleep where information is stored. The brain takes that information from the residual stuff from your memory bank and you are trying to make sense of it from where the cortex is activated CAH-says it results from activity in the cortex separate from REM sleep, the dream is made up over time

Is sleep important? Do we have to sleep? What happens if you don't sleep? (4)

Yes sleep is important, yes we have to sleep. You can develop depression, get moody, and your body will deteriorate if you don't sleep. After 4 days of not sleeping you can die

polysomnograph

a combination of EEG and eye movement records

cortisol

a hormone produced when it is time to get up. It readies the body for action. Part of what wakes your body up in the morning.

adenosine

accumulates int eh basal forebrain during the day. As it accumulates it inhibits circuits and makes you sleepy

How do the two dream hypotheses we discussed differ from Freud's conceptualization of dreaming? (3)

activation synthesis hypothesis-dreams don't mean anything Clinico-anatomical hypothesis- corticial activity produces dreams that are made up throughout sleep

caffeine

an antagonist for adenosine

alpha waves

are characteristic of relaxation, not all of wakefulness

basal forebrain

arousal

Where is the reticular formation? (3)

axons go up towards the forebrain, for the purpose of engaging cortical arousal

Where does adenosine build up, when does this happen, and what affect does this have on alertness? (4)

basil forebrain, it happens throughout he day and it inhibits circuits. As you seep it dissipates.

What's the reason we suggested that human infants sleep so much? (2)

because they cant do much anyways, their senses aren't all the way developed so there is no point for them to be awake unless they physically need something like food or to be changed.

What other sorts of cycles are controlled by the SCN? Why does it make sense this area would be found in the hypothalamus? (2)

body temperature, hunger, thirst, etc. Because the thalamus controls these urges and what not

atonia

brain shuts of motor signals and you cannot move

What drug acts as an adenosine antagonist? What effect does this have on alertness? (2)

caffeine, it makes you more alert

narcolepsy

daytime sleepiness, you sleep randomly throughout the day

procedural learning

deprivation of REM, doing a physical/motor skill

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

generates circadian rhythms itself in a genetically controlled, unlearned manner

orexin

helps us stay awake. It causes the basal forebrain to release its neurons

cortical arousal

helps you wake up because it is the stress hormone

What two alertness-related neurotransmitters are released by the hypothalamus? How are they involved in alertness and waking? (3)

histamine and orexin

verbal learning

if you deprive someone from sleep early in the night (NREM) they will have trouble with this. i.e. learning definitions

REM rebound

if you do not get enough REM one night your body will make up for it the next night

insomnia

inadequate sleep

slow-wave sleep (SWS)

indicate that neuronal activity is highly syncronized

What sleep disorder results from shifted circadian cycles? (4)

insomnia

What is the neurotransmitter GABA doing in most of the forebrain (cortex) during sleep? (3)

it inhibits thalamus and cortex, it inhibits synaptic activity and cuts activty short and prevents axons from spreading stimulation to other areas.

What sorts of cognitive benefits might sleep provide? (4)

it is important for learning and memory

What effect do the midbrain structures we discussed (pontomesencephalon, locus coeruleus) have on cortical arousal? What neurotransmitters are involved? (4)

it jazzes up the cortex. the neurotransmitters involved are histamine, orexin, adenosine, atonia

Where in the brain is the suprachiasmatic nucleus? (4)

just above the optic chiasm

What sorts of characteristics of other animals might influence whether they sleep more or less? (3)

larger animals sleep less, herbivores sleep less because if they slept all of the time they would get eaten, it takes them a long time to get the calories they need.

perceptual learning

learning to process visual input. If you practice this for a while at night you will actually get better while you sleep. If you are deprived of REM sleep, you will not get better, just pick up where you left off the night before.

What does it mean to say that light is a zeitgeber for the SCN? (4)

light tells the SCN it is time to be awake, absence of light tells the SCN that it is time to go to sleep

consolidation

long term information is sorted and stored

How do circadian cycles vary with age and gender? (2)

males go to sleep a bit later than females, kids start of sleeping a whole bunch, then stop sleeping as much, then in the 20s you sleep longer, and it evens out after time to about 8 hours of sleep.

What sleep disorder might result from low levels of orexin? (3)

narcolepsy

reticular formation

neurons going up into the brain or down into the spinal cord

During what phase of sleep does sleepwalking happen? (2)

non REM

pontomesencephalon

part of the pons in the reticular system in the midbrain

What effect might throwing off the circadian rhythms have on, say, driving (say, twice a year when the time changes)? (1)

people get into more accidents because they sleep sleep less

What sleep disorder might result from failure to engage atonia? (3)

periodic limb movement disorder

What role does the basal forebrain play in arousal? What neurotransmitter is mainly involved? Which of the areas mentioned in the previous row engages this structure? (3)

produces histomine

What function might the PER and TIM proteins serve in the drosophila brain? (1)

promote sleep and inactivity, oscillates over a day, based on feedback interactions among several sets of neurons.

histamine

promotes alertness and arousal

hippocampus

receives sensory information and sends it to other parts of the cortex for storage.

You'll need a general sense of how sleep might facilitate the hippocampus during the process of consolidation. (3)

receives sensory information and sends it to other parts of the cortex for storage. Also has to do with consolidation. Centrally involved in storing long term memory information

What sorts of patterns characterize brain waves during different states of alertness or sleep? (3)

sleep spindles, k-complexes, alpha waves,

When do alpha waves appear in the EEG? (2)

stage 1 and 2

What is the role of melatonin in sleep? What structure produces it? (3)

the Pineal gland releases it. it is released to make you sleepy around 9pm

What is atonia and when does it happen? (4)

the brain shuts off motor areas and signals cannot go, it happens during REM sleep

What area of the brain contains the circuits that produce atonia? (2)

the pons

zeitgeber

the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm

What sorts of evidence suggests that sleep might help an organism conserve energy? (4)

we conserve energy during ineffeicient times, such as at night for humans because we have crappy night vision.

What characteristics do humans possess that make it advantageous for us to sleep at night (vs. during the day)? (3)

we have crappy night vision

Does tryptophan make you sleepy? (1)

yeah, if you have 12 turkeys

REM behavior disorder

you act out what you are dreaming

What happens the next night if you miss REM sleep one night? (3)

you are in more REM

What happens during sleep apnea? (2)

you stop breathing for short periods of time while you are asleep

sleepwalking

you walk around and do random things, happens during NREM sleep

What's different about REM sleep vs. other stages of sleep? (4)

your eyes are moving, and brain activity looks like you are awake