Biopsychology Chapter 9 Study Guide
What is the pattern of sleep stages and about how long does a single cycle take? (3)
1,2,3,4,3,2, rem, 2, 3, 4, 3, 2, rem. About 90 minutes
How long do human sleep/wake cycles last in the absence of any zeitgebers? What effect might this have on jet lag when flying either East or West? (3)
24.5 hours. You want to go to sleep after a certain time but it will get all messed up if we do.
How do we know that the neurons there are intrinsically cyclical? (3)
????
Alpha waves are characteristic of what type of activity? A.relaxed wakefulness B.periods of great excitement C.nightmares D.NREM sleep
A. relaxed wakefulness
Which of the following people would be most alert when watching a late-night movie? A.40 year old B.20 year old C.16 month baby D.a morning person
B. 20 year old
According to research with humans and animals, sleep probably originated for the purpose of A.mate selection. B.conserving energy. C.dreaming. D.enhancing learning and memory
B. Conserving energy
If suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons are disconnected from the rest of the brain, they: A.no longer produce any activity. Correct B.continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm. C.produce a 20-hour rhythm. D.produce spontaneous bursts of activity, but on no rhythmic pattern.
B. Continue to produce activity that follows a circadian rhythm
Alternation between wakefulness and sleep depends completely on stimuli in the environment. A.True B.False
B. False
Which of the following is NOT associated with REM sleep? A.EEG pattern resembling wakefulness B.tense and active postural muscles C.increased probability of dreaming D.facial twitches
B. Tense and active postural muscles
Suppose you work on a submarine with only artificial light. You are required to follow a schedule of working for 12 hours and then sleeping for 6. What rhythm, if any, will your alertness and body temperature show? A.They will follow a rhythm of 18 hours. B.They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours. C.They will follow a rhythm of 21 hours. D.They will cease to show any consistent rhythm.
B. They will follow the usual rhythm of 24 hours
A stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm is referred to by the German term: A.zeitadian. B.zeitgeber. C.lichtgeber. D.circazeit.
B. zeitgeber
Axons from the locus coeruleus release ____ widely throughout the cortex. A.serotonin B.norepinephrine C.acetylcholine D.dopamine
B.Norepinephrine
Why might a week camping affect a person's sleep/wake cycles? (2)
Being outside in UV light all day will keep you awake, then when it is dark with little to no light you will want to go to sleep earlier
The relationship between sleep stage and dreaming is that dreams: A.occur only in REM sleep. B.occur only in NREM sleep. C.are more frequent and more vivid in REM sleep. D.are more frequent and more vivid in NREM sleep.
C. Are most frequent and more vivid in REM sleep
What is the result of electrical stimulation to the reticular formation? A.Coma B.Sudden onset of sleep C.Increased alertness D.Hallucinations
C. Increased alertness
With extended exposure to complete darkness, the natural human circadian rhythm appears to be: A.shorter than 24 hours. B.exactly 24 hours. C.just over 24 hours. D.closer to 28 hours.
C. Just over 24 hours
REM sleep seems to be especially important for A.verbal learning. B.latent content of dreams. C.procedural (motor) and perceptual learning. D.REM sleep isn't important for anything.
C. Procedural (motor) and perceptual learning
What is also known as slow-wave sleep? A.alpha wave sleep B.stages 1 and 2 C.stages 3 and 4 D.REM sleep
C. Stage 3 and 4
Circadian cycles are to ____ as circannual cycles are to ____. A.mating; hibernating B.light-dark; temperature C.endogenous; exogenous D.daily; yearly
D. Daily;yearly
What is the best way to objectively determine if someone is asleep? A.Use self-report measures. B.Monitor breathing rates. C.Measure muscle tension. D.Monitor brain waves.
D. Monitor brain waves
The activation-synthesis model of dreams says that cortical activity during REM starts in the ___ and results in the random brain activity that results in dreams. However, the clinico-anatomical hypothesis says that this structure isn't necessary for dreaming. A.amygdala B.frontal lobes C.hippocampus D.pons
D. Pons
The surest way to disrupt the biological clock is to damage the: A.lateral hypothalamus. B.substantia nigra. C.caudate nucleus. D.suprachiasmatic nucleus.
D. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
If you wanted to go to sleep at 11 pm, the best time to take melatonin would be: A.at lunchtime. B.when you wake up that morning. C.at the time you go to bed. D.about 9 pm.
D. about 9 pm
How do we know the brain is doing different things during different periods of sleep? (4)
EEG scans and neural activity/eye movements
PER and TIM proteins
Early in the morning PER and TIM start at low concentrations. genes produce these proteins throughout the day, they build up and activate autoreceptors and then they dissipate over the night.
What is the role of cortisol in sleep? (3)
It makes you wake up in the morning. It is the stress hormone and it gets your body to wake up in the morning
What sorts of learning might be facilitated by REM and what sorts might be facilitated by NREM (e.g., SWS)? (3)
REM-perceptual learning and procedural learning NREM-verbal learning
What stages are referred to as slow-wave sleep and why? (3)
Stages 3 and 4
What is a circadian rhythm? (5)
The cycles of wake and sleep. The "clocks" are guided by genes. They are not just for sleep, there is also a menstrual cycle one. Our clock is about 24.5 hours
melatonin
The pineal gland releases this hormone which influences both circadian and circannual rhythms. It secretes it mostly at night around 9pm that makes us sleepy
What are some similarities and differences between the activationsynthesis and clinico-anatomical hypotheses of dreaming? (4)
With ASH dreams mean absolutely nothing. the whole dream was created when you woke up. The pons is activating random parts of the cortex during REM sleep where information is stored. The brain takes that information from the residual stuff from your memory bank and you are trying to make sense of it from where the cortex is activated CAH-says it results from activity in the cortex separate from REM sleep, the dream is made up over time
Is sleep important? Do we have to sleep? What happens if you don't sleep? (4)
Yes sleep is important, yes we have to sleep. You can develop depression, get moody, and your body will deteriorate if you don't sleep. After 4 days of not sleeping you can die
polysomnograph
a combination of EEG and eye movement records
cortisol
a hormone produced when it is time to get up. It readies the body for action. Part of what wakes your body up in the morning.
adenosine
accumulates int eh basal forebrain during the day. As it accumulates it inhibits circuits and makes you sleepy
How do the two dream hypotheses we discussed differ from Freud's conceptualization of dreaming? (3)
activation synthesis hypothesis-dreams don't mean anything Clinico-anatomical hypothesis- corticial activity produces dreams that are made up throughout sleep
caffeine
an antagonist for adenosine
alpha waves
are characteristic of relaxation, not all of wakefulness
basal forebrain
arousal
Where is the reticular formation? (3)
axons go up towards the forebrain, for the purpose of engaging cortical arousal
Where does adenosine build up, when does this happen, and what affect does this have on alertness? (4)
basil forebrain, it happens throughout he day and it inhibits circuits. As you seep it dissipates.
What's the reason we suggested that human infants sleep so much? (2)
because they cant do much anyways, their senses aren't all the way developed so there is no point for them to be awake unless they physically need something like food or to be changed.
What other sorts of cycles are controlled by the SCN? Why does it make sense this area would be found in the hypothalamus? (2)
body temperature, hunger, thirst, etc. Because the thalamus controls these urges and what not
atonia
brain shuts of motor signals and you cannot move
What drug acts as an adenosine antagonist? What effect does this have on alertness? (2)
caffeine, it makes you more alert
narcolepsy
daytime sleepiness, you sleep randomly throughout the day
procedural learning
deprivation of REM, doing a physical/motor skill
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
generates circadian rhythms itself in a genetically controlled, unlearned manner
orexin
helps us stay awake. It causes the basal forebrain to release its neurons
cortical arousal
helps you wake up because it is the stress hormone
What two alertness-related neurotransmitters are released by the hypothalamus? How are they involved in alertness and waking? (3)
histamine and orexin
verbal learning
if you deprive someone from sleep early in the night (NREM) they will have trouble with this. i.e. learning definitions
REM rebound
if you do not get enough REM one night your body will make up for it the next night
insomnia
inadequate sleep
slow-wave sleep (SWS)
indicate that neuronal activity is highly syncronized
What sleep disorder results from shifted circadian cycles? (4)
insomnia
What is the neurotransmitter GABA doing in most of the forebrain (cortex) during sleep? (3)
it inhibits thalamus and cortex, it inhibits synaptic activity and cuts activty short and prevents axons from spreading stimulation to other areas.
What sorts of cognitive benefits might sleep provide? (4)
it is important for learning and memory
What effect do the midbrain structures we discussed (pontomesencephalon, locus coeruleus) have on cortical arousal? What neurotransmitters are involved? (4)
it jazzes up the cortex. the neurotransmitters involved are histamine, orexin, adenosine, atonia
Where in the brain is the suprachiasmatic nucleus? (4)
just above the optic chiasm
What sorts of characteristics of other animals might influence whether they sleep more or less? (3)
larger animals sleep less, herbivores sleep less because if they slept all of the time they would get eaten, it takes them a long time to get the calories they need.
perceptual learning
learning to process visual input. If you practice this for a while at night you will actually get better while you sleep. If you are deprived of REM sleep, you will not get better, just pick up where you left off the night before.
What does it mean to say that light is a zeitgeber for the SCN? (4)
light tells the SCN it is time to be awake, absence of light tells the SCN that it is time to go to sleep
consolidation
long term information is sorted and stored
How do circadian cycles vary with age and gender? (2)
males go to sleep a bit later than females, kids start of sleeping a whole bunch, then stop sleeping as much, then in the 20s you sleep longer, and it evens out after time to about 8 hours of sleep.
What sleep disorder might result from low levels of orexin? (3)
narcolepsy
reticular formation
neurons going up into the brain or down into the spinal cord
During what phase of sleep does sleepwalking happen? (2)
non REM
pontomesencephalon
part of the pons in the reticular system in the midbrain
What effect might throwing off the circadian rhythms have on, say, driving (say, twice a year when the time changes)? (1)
people get into more accidents because they sleep sleep less
What sleep disorder might result from failure to engage atonia? (3)
periodic limb movement disorder
What role does the basal forebrain play in arousal? What neurotransmitter is mainly involved? Which of the areas mentioned in the previous row engages this structure? (3)
produces histomine
What function might the PER and TIM proteins serve in the drosophila brain? (1)
promote sleep and inactivity, oscillates over a day, based on feedback interactions among several sets of neurons.
histamine
promotes alertness and arousal
hippocampus
receives sensory information and sends it to other parts of the cortex for storage.
You'll need a general sense of how sleep might facilitate the hippocampus during the process of consolidation. (3)
receives sensory information and sends it to other parts of the cortex for storage. Also has to do with consolidation. Centrally involved in storing long term memory information
What sorts of patterns characterize brain waves during different states of alertness or sleep? (3)
sleep spindles, k-complexes, alpha waves,
When do alpha waves appear in the EEG? (2)
stage 1 and 2
What is the role of melatonin in sleep? What structure produces it? (3)
the Pineal gland releases it. it is released to make you sleepy around 9pm
What is atonia and when does it happen? (4)
the brain shuts off motor areas and signals cannot go, it happens during REM sleep
What area of the brain contains the circuits that produce atonia? (2)
the pons
zeitgeber
the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm
What sorts of evidence suggests that sleep might help an organism conserve energy? (4)
we conserve energy during ineffeicient times, such as at night for humans because we have crappy night vision.
What characteristics do humans possess that make it advantageous for us to sleep at night (vs. during the day)? (3)
we have crappy night vision
Does tryptophan make you sleepy? (1)
yeah, if you have 12 turkeys
REM behavior disorder
you act out what you are dreaming
What happens the next night if you miss REM sleep one night? (3)
you are in more REM
What happens during sleep apnea? (2)
you stop breathing for short periods of time while you are asleep
sleepwalking
you walk around and do random things, happens during NREM sleep
What's different about REM sleep vs. other stages of sleep? (4)
your eyes are moving, and brain activity looks like you are awake
