Biotechnology (Morrison)
pluripotent stem cell
(most common stem cell) can differentiate into almost every cells but cannot give rise to an entire intact individual
DNA that can be transferred into plants
- Biolistic gene transfer- DNA shot into cells with gene gun - Microinjection - Electroporation - protoplasts: plant cells with wall removed
Research efforts in gene therapy seek to
- alleviate inherited diseases - treat diseases such as cancer and heart disease - combat infectious diseases such as AIDS
premature aging in dolly the sheep
- at 3 years the length of her temomeres were similar to a 9-10 year old sheep - dolly lived 6 years and was euthanized due to progressive lung disease
T- DNA vectors cause
- genes that cause tumors to delete - incert a selectable marker - add unique restriction sites to aid in cloning
how are microrganisms used to benefit humans
- production of medicine - food fermentation - biological control - bioremediation
transgenic plant benefits
- resistance to herbicides - production of vaccines - resistance to insects - increased yield
stem cells have two common characteristics
1. They have the capacity to divide 2. They have the capacity to differentiate into one or more specialized cell types
stem cells center around two main areas
1. help understan basic genetic mechanisms that are used in the process of development 2. the offer the potential to treat human disease. EX: bone marrow transplants used to treat certain forms of cancer
two transfer methods used to introduce cloned genes into human cells
1. nonviral approach: liposome technique which uses lipid vesicles 2. Viral approach (most common): using retroviruses, adenoviruses, and parvoviruses
Ti plamsmid has been modified to create
T- DNA vectors to introduce cloned genes into plants
T DNA
a segment of plasmid transferred to plant cells to cuase crown gall tumor
genetic flaws in cloning
aberrant gene expression and shorter lifespan
gene addition is when the cloned gene is
added at the second site in the genome
crown gall disease
bacteria fights off other bacteria in plants
unipotent stem cell
can only differentiate into one cell type
gene therapy is the introduction of
cloned genes into living cells to attempt to cure disease
nonpathogens are used to
compete against pathogens for nutrients or space
stem cells supply the cells that
contrct our bodies from a fertilized egg - in adult, stem cells also replenish damaged cells
transgenic livestock are used for
creating medicines in milk to produce lactoferrin, tissue plasminogen, and antibodies
Crisper Cas 9 repair of
dystrophin
adenosine deaminase (ADA)
enzyme involved in purine metabolism - deoxyadenosine is toxic to B and T cells (causes dysfunctional immune system) -SCID is typically fatal at an early age (1-2 years old)
adenosine deaminase deficiency
first inherited disease treated with gene therapy
non-homologous recombitation results in
gene addition where it is inserted semi-randomly elsewhere in the genome
to delete a gene you use
gene knockout- replace gene with junk dna
homologous recombination results in
gene replacement
gene addition example
growth hormone in salmon
neomycin-resistant gene
helps cells survive neomycin which tries to kill cells
why shouldn't we do livestock cloning?
her may be susceptible to rare diseases which would wipe out the entire cloned herd if one dies they all die
Is cloning easier in plants or animals?
in plans Plants- somatic cells can give rise to a whole new plant Mammals- Somatic cells cannot give rise to a whole new organism without special techniques
first genetically engineered drug
insulin
thymidine-kinase gene
kills cells with genciclovir addition
Bacillus thuringiensis
kills insects not harmful to humans
gene redundancy
many genes have the same functions so it is hard to use gene knockout to change the phenotype of an organism
reproductive cloning refers to
methods that produce two ore more genetically identical individuals - Identical twins are genetic clones from on fertilized egg
bioremediation is the use of
microorganisms to reduce environmental pollutants
gene cloning refers to
molecular methods that produce many copies of a gene
example of gene addition
protein in colored fish
adult stem cells are
rare 1 in 10000
what does insulin do
regulate uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells ppl with diabetes type 1 cannot synthesize insulin
gene replacement in animals is when the cloned gene
replaces the normal gene in the site on the chromosome
lentivirus- delivered gene therapy for
sickle cell anemia using bone marrow cell extracts - stopped cells from being sickle
totipotent stem cell
stem cells can give rise to all cell types
biological control refers to
the use of microorganisms to alleviate plant diseases and pathogens
how are human befinifical microorganisms used to combat bad microorganisms
they produce toxins to inhibit other microorganisms or insects, but not the plant
An organism that has integrated recombinant DNA into its genome is called a
transgenic organism
Ti plasmid
tumor inducing which is carried by bacterium for plants
how is insulin made now
using E. coli
is homologous recombination rare
yes only .1% of the time it works