Biotechnology (Morrison)

pluripotent stem cell

(most common stem cell) can differentiate into almost every cells but cannot give rise to an entire intact individual

DNA that can be transferred into plants

- Biolistic gene transfer- DNA shot into cells with gene gun - Microinjection - Electroporation - protoplasts: plant cells with wall removed

Research efforts in gene therapy seek to

- alleviate inherited diseases - treat diseases such as cancer and heart disease - combat infectious diseases such as AIDS

premature aging in dolly the sheep

- at 3 years the length of her temomeres were similar to a 9-10 year old sheep - dolly lived 6 years and was euthanized due to progressive lung disease

T- DNA vectors cause

- genes that cause tumors to delete - incert a selectable marker - add unique restriction sites to aid in cloning

how are microrganisms used to benefit humans

- production of medicine - food fermentation - biological control - bioremediation

transgenic plant benefits

- resistance to herbicides - production of vaccines - resistance to insects - increased yield

stem cells have two common characteristics

1. They have the capacity to divide 2. They have the capacity to differentiate into one or more specialized cell types

stem cells center around two main areas

1. help understan basic genetic mechanisms that are used in the process of development 2. the offer the potential to treat human disease. EX: bone marrow transplants used to treat certain forms of cancer

two transfer methods used to introduce cloned genes into human cells

1. nonviral approach: liposome technique which uses lipid vesicles 2. Viral approach (most common): using retroviruses, adenoviruses, and parvoviruses

Ti plamsmid has been modified to create

T- DNA vectors to introduce cloned genes into plants

T DNA

a segment of plasmid transferred to plant cells to cuase crown gall tumor

genetic flaws in cloning

aberrant gene expression and shorter lifespan

gene addition is when the cloned gene is

added at the second site in the genome

crown gall disease

bacteria fights off other bacteria in plants

unipotent stem cell

can only differentiate into one cell type

gene therapy is the introduction of

cloned genes into living cells to attempt to cure disease

nonpathogens are used to

compete against pathogens for nutrients or space

stem cells supply the cells that

contrct our bodies from a fertilized egg - in adult, stem cells also replenish damaged cells

transgenic livestock are used for

creating medicines in milk to produce lactoferrin, tissue plasminogen, and antibodies

Crisper Cas 9 repair of

dystrophin

adenosine deaminase (ADA)

enzyme involved in purine metabolism - deoxyadenosine is toxic to B and T cells (causes dysfunctional immune system) -SCID is typically fatal at an early age (1-2 years old)

adenosine deaminase deficiency

first inherited disease treated with gene therapy

non-homologous recombitation results in

gene addition where it is inserted semi-randomly elsewhere in the genome

to delete a gene you use

gene knockout- replace gene with junk dna

homologous recombination results in

gene replacement

gene addition example

growth hormone in salmon

neomycin-resistant gene

helps cells survive neomycin which tries to kill cells

why shouldn't we do livestock cloning?

her may be susceptible to rare diseases which would wipe out the entire cloned herd if one dies they all die

Is cloning easier in plants or animals?

in plans Plants- somatic cells can give rise to a whole new plant Mammals- Somatic cells cannot give rise to a whole new organism without special techniques

first genetically engineered drug

insulin

thymidine-kinase gene

kills cells with genciclovir addition

Bacillus thuringiensis

kills insects not harmful to humans

gene redundancy

many genes have the same functions so it is hard to use gene knockout to change the phenotype of an organism

reproductive cloning refers to

methods that produce two ore more genetically identical individuals - Identical twins are genetic clones from on fertilized egg

bioremediation is the use of

microorganisms to reduce environmental pollutants

gene cloning refers to

molecular methods that produce many copies of a gene

example of gene addition

protein in colored fish

adult stem cells are

rare 1 in 10000

what does insulin do

regulate uptake of glucose into fat and muscle cells ppl with diabetes type 1 cannot synthesize insulin

gene replacement in animals is when the cloned gene

replaces the normal gene in the site on the chromosome

lentivirus- delivered gene therapy for

sickle cell anemia using bone marrow cell extracts - stopped cells from being sickle

totipotent stem cell

stem cells can give rise to all cell types

biological control refers to

the use of microorganisms to alleviate plant diseases and pathogens

how are human befinifical microorganisms used to combat bad microorganisms

they produce toxins to inhibit other microorganisms or insects, but not the plant

An organism that has integrated recombinant DNA into its genome is called a

transgenic organism

Ti plasmid

tumor inducing which is carried by bacterium for plants

how is insulin made now

using E. coli

is homologous recombination rare

yes only .1% of the time it works