Brain And Behavior Exam 3

GABAA receptors are metabotropic A) True B) False

B) False

Marijuana is the most commonly used recreational drug in the world A) True B) False

B) False

It's not possible to overdose on hallucinogens. 1) True 2)False

False

Opioids are dangerous when taken with alcohol or Xanax 1) True 2) False

True

Type of Drug: Schedule Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic R.O.A Neurotransmitter affected Ketamine

-Hallu, stimulant -Schedule 3 - Synthetic - Ingested, Smoked, Snorted, Ingested -NMDA antagonist, Increased Dopamine

Type of Drug: Schedule Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic R.O.A Neurotransmitter affected Psilocybin

-Hallucinogen - Schedule 1 - Natural - Ingested - Serotonergic agonist

Type of Drug: Schedule Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic R.O.A Neurotransmitter affected Mescaline and Peyote

-Hallucinogen -Schedule 1 -Semi-synthetic, natural -Ingested -Serotonin

Acute Effects LSD

-Elevate Heart Rate - Blood sugar - respiratory rate -body temperature - sweating - dilated pupils - loss of appitite - sleeplessness - dizzy and sick -Muscular treamors - muscle weakness - twitchy and or numb - Synesthesia: When stimulation of one sense leads to sensations in a different sense.

Mechanism of Action: Deliriants

-Belladonna and Datura -Prevent acetylcholine from binding to its receptors in heart , lungs, GI Tract, glands, brain

Dissociatives

-Cause analgesia, amnesia, catalepsy, sense of detachment from environment -Amanita muscaria mushrooms, salvia, PCP, ketamine

Type of Drug: Schedule Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic R.O.A Neurotransmitter affected MDMA

-Hallucinogen -Schedule 1 -Synthetic - Ingested, Snorted, Injected - Serotonin and Dopamine

Type of Drug: Schedule Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic R.O.A Neurotransmitter affected LSD

-Hallucinogen -Schedule 1 -Synthetic -Ingested, Injected, Absorbed Across Skin - Serotonergic agonist

Type of Drug: Schedule Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic R.O.A Neurotransmitter affected PCP

-Halluciogen, Stimulant -Schedule 2 -Synthetic -Ingested, Smoked, Snorted, Injected -NMDA antagonist, Increases Dopamine

Mechanism of Action: MDMA

-Increases release of serotonin in to the synapse, blocks serotonin re-uptake, and inhibits the degradative enzyme MAO -Binds to 5-HT receptors which help produce the feeling of calmness. -Activates the Ventral Striatum = Reward Expectation -Decreases activity in the amygdala = less processes in fear and rage.

Type of Drug: Schedule Natural, Semi-Synthetic, Synthetic R.O.A Neurotransmitter affected Opioids

-Narcotic -Heroin: schedule 1 -Morphine,opium,codeine,hydrocodone, hydromorphone, fentanyl, methadone: schdule 2 -Buprenorphine: schedule 3 -Natural , Semi-synthetic, synthetic -Ingested, smoked, snorted, injected -Endogenous opioids, dopamine, GABA

Chronic Effects Opioids

-No long term damage to organs -Addictions due to physcial, enviromental, and psychological factors

Match the following hallucinogens to their category 1)Psilocybin 2)PCP 3)Mescaline 4) Atropa belladonna

Psilocybin = Psychedelic PCP = Dissociative Mescaline = Psychedelic Atropa belladonna = Deliriant

Which of the following is not seen with opioid withdrawal?

Respiratory depression

Which of the following is not part of the opioid overdose triad?

Seizure

Naltrexone is

A longer-acting opioid antagonist used to treat alcohol and opioid addiction

Naloxone is

A short-acting opioid antagonist used to reverse opioid overdose in emergency situations

Chronic Effects MDMA

Associated with depression and cognative deficits

Dependance and Additction MDMA, PCP, Ketamine

Slight potential for dependence

Dependence and Addiction Psilocybin, LSD, Mescalin

Not considered addictive

Deliriants produce hallucinations, while psychedelic hallucinogens mostly produce illusions 1) True 2) False

True

Buprenorphine is

A partial agonist to opioid receptors

Theraputic Uses Psilocybin, LSD, mescaline, and MDMA

- Helps with - Cluster Headaches - Ease the psychological truama in end-of-life patients - PTSD -Drug and Alcohol Addiction - Anticholinergic such as Atropine and scopolamine -Treating ulcers and gastric reflux - Dilate pupils - inhibited salivation during sugery - anti-motion sickness medication

Mechanism of Action: Dissociatives

-Amanita Muscaria: Bind to GABA and glutamate receptors -Salvia: Bind to Kappa opioid receptors that regulate perception -PCP and ketamine bind to block glutamatergic NMDA receptors, epecially in the cortex and hippocampus -This leads to a sense of disconnection from one's body and surroundings.

Illusion

Altered and distorted perceptions, thoughts, feelings, insights, awareness

Hallucination

An experience involving the perception of something that may not actually be present

Mechanism of Action: Psychedelic Hallucinogens

-Psilocybin, LSD, and mescaline - Affect serotonergic receptors in the Thalamus, Locus Coerileus, and Cortex - Thalamus = Relay Station - Locus coeruleus = integrates input from major sensory systems and sends info to the cortex. Under psychedelic drugs, the LC is more Sensitive to sensory input. -On LSD the visual Cortex communicates more that normal, which is why the vivid visual hallucinations associated with psychedelic drugs. -Psilocybin also works in areas that affect emotions and social judgment. - Negative and social assessments are made in the cingulate gyrus, which means that people on psilocybin may judge others less harshly.

Deliriants

-Result in mental confusion and inability to differentiate reality from fantasy -Atropa belladonna, datura, henbane, mandrake

Phenylethylamines

-Structurally similar to dopamine and norepiphephrine -Peyote, mescaline, nutmeg and mace, MDMA

Deliriant hallucinogens affect acetylcholine 1) True 2) False

1) True

Once heroin reaches the brain, it is converted back into morphine 1)True 2)False

1) True

Which of the following effects are associated with LSD? 1) Increased appetite 2)Increased body temperature 3)Constricted pupils 4)Reduced heart rate

2) Increased body temperature

Which of the following is false about MDMA? 1) MDMA causes the user to retain fluid, which can result in hospitalization or death. 2)MDMA may permanently damage serotonin neurons 3)MDMA works mainly at GABA receptors 4)MDMA increases levels of oxytocin

3) MDMA works mainly at GABA receptors

Instead of being stored in vesicles, endocannabinoids are rapidly synthesized when needed. A) True B) False

A) True

Marijuana is an effective treatment for chronic pain in adults A) True B) False

A) True

When benzodiazepines bind to the GABA receptor, they allow more chloride to enter the cell A) True B) False

A) True

What is the most common route of administration for sedative/hypnotics? A) Oral B) Transdermal Patch C)Inhalation D)Injection

A)Oral

Which is true about inhalants? A)Some of the danger from using inhalants come from the ways the drugs are administered B)Chronic use of inhalants has relatively few long-term effects C)Inhalants are one of the safest known drugs D)Despite the high number of different forms of inhalants, their mechanism of action is relatively consistent across substances.

A)Some of the danger from using inhalants come from the ways the drugs are administered

High concentrations of barbiturates can directly increase the duration of channel opening even in the absence of GABA, but benzodiazepines require GABA to exert their actions A) True B) False

A)True

Psychedelics

Alter perceptions while still allowing the person to communicate with the present world

It's is easier to overdose on benzodiazepines than it is on barbiturates, because the therapeutic index of benzodiazepines is so low. A) True B)False

B) False

Marijuana use causes schizophrenia A) True B) False

B) False

With cocaine and other drugs, racial minorities are disproportionately targeted and prosecuted, but that discrepancy is not seen with marijuana A) True B) False

B) False

Low doses of GHB produce all of the following except... A) Mild Euphoria B) Perceptual Disturbances C) Calmness and Relaxation D) Disinhabition

B) Perceptual Disturbances

Which is true about marijuana dependence? A) Users cannot become addicted to marijuana B) Only about 50% of people who enroll in a treatment program for marijuana dependence are successfully abstinent two weeks after leaving treatment C) About 22% of users become addicted to marijuana D) Withdrawal from chronic marijuana use is severe and potentially life-threatening

C) About 22% of users become addicted to marijuana

Which of the following is an effect of marijuana on the body? A) Depressed mood B) Increases gastrointestinal inflammation C) Raises heart rate D) Constricted blood vessels in the skin

C) Raises heart rate

Of the following, which reported medical benefit of marijuana has the most clinical and scientific support? A) Prevents the development of Alzheimer's disease B) Cure for diabetes C) Reduces nausea and vomiting D) Treatment for glaucoma

C) Reduces nausea and vomiting

Inhalants inhibit the CNS and impair behavior in a manner similar to A) opioids B) cocaine C) alcohol D)the cannabinoids

C) alcohol

Which of the following is not one of the conditions that opioids are used to treat?

Constipation

Which of the following was not a claim made about marijuana? That it would cause American boys to become so peaceful, they would not want to fight in our wars A) That it was the most violence causing drug in the history of mankind B) That it would make the nation vulnerable to a communist takeover C) That casual users of marijuana were accomplices to murder D) All of the above were claims made about marijuana

D) All of the Above

Which is true about marijuana and cancer? A) Marijuana smoke contains carcinogenic substances B) Marijuana may help manage many symptoms of cancer and side effects of chemotherapy C) Marijuana smokers may have a relatively lower risk of getting cancer compared to tobacco smokers D) All of the above are true

D) All of the above are true

All of the following symptoms have been observed during the abuse of inhalants except A) Impaired Judment B) Hallucinations C) Euphoria D) Mania

D) Mania

All hallucinogenic drugs are schedule I 1) True 2) False

False

Acute effects Deliriant

Hot as a hare, blind as a bat, dry as a bone, red as a beet, and as mad as a hatter. Anticholineric drug: Dilated pupils, blurred vision, dry skin and mouth, skin, and delirium, elevated heartbeat, and blood pressure, agitation, confusion, urinary retention, and constipation

Acute Effects MDMA

Hyponatremia: Increased secreation which causes user to retain fluid and low levels of sodium. -can lead to headaches , nausea, vomitting, muscle cramps , weakness, fatigue , confusion, seiazures -A potentially life-threatening reaction that can occur when medications cause large amount of serotonin to accumulate in the body -headache, agitation, confusion, and hallucinations -Autonomic indications: elevated blood pressure, heart-rate, diarrhea, shivering, sweating, and hyperthermia

Which of the following is not an effect of opioids?

Increased body temperature

Chronic Effects Dissociative

Long term use associated with memory loss -persistent speech problems and delusional thinking

Acute Effects Opioids

Low Doses: -Diminished pain - Constricted pupils - Increased sleep - Impair cognitive function - Constipation High Doses - Cause euphoria - Decreased body temp - unconsciousness/ coma -Pinpoint pupils -Respiratory Failure

Which of the following is not a type of opioid receptor?

Muscarinic

Which is false about tolerance to sedative/hypnotic drugs? A) With increasing use of barbiturates, but not benzodiazepines, the enzymes of the liver's cytochrome P450 system increase their activity B) Tolerance develops most quickly to barbiturates' anticonvulsant effects C) Tolerance to benzodiazepines is not as fast or as complete is it is to barbiturates D) With increasing use, neurons in the brain will increase the number of GABA receptors

Tolerance develops most quickly to barbiturates' anticonvulsant effects

Mechanism of Action Opioids

When opioids bind to a receptor on a GABA neuron in the nucleus accumbens, it inhibits GABA release. -This reduces GABA's inhibitory effects on ultimately increases dopamine's addictive effects.