Medical Terminology Module 13 Exam

disease in which the brain undergoes gradual deterioration resulting in confusion, short-term memory loss, restlessness, and cognitive losses

Alzheimer's disease (AD)

concussion

an injury to soft tissue resulting from a blow or violent shaking

a circulatory problem caused by the weakened wall of a blood vessel, resulting in a bulge in the wall that is in danger of bursting

aneurysm

hem/o

blood

encephal/o

brain

central nervous system (CNS)

brain and spinal cord

cerebr/o

brain, cerebrum

transient ischemic attack (TIA), mini stroke

caused by a blood clot forming temporarily before breaking apart and dissolving, resulting in a brief minor episode of ischemia to an area of the brain that is usually without permanent injury

hemorrhagic stroke

caused by bleeding within the cranial cavity, following an injury to blood vessels or a burst aneurysm

neuroglia

cells that support and protect neurons

an inflammation of the cerebellum; symptoms include a loss of muscle coordination and equilibrium

cerebellitis

a moving blood clot in an artery of the brain

cerebral embolism

Condition of bleeding from blood vessels associated with the cerebrum

cerebral hemorrhage

the condition of a stationary blood clot in an artery of the brain

cerebral thrombosis

cerebral concussion

cerebrum undergoes physical damage when it strikes against the inside wall of the cranium

thromb/o

clot

palsy

condition of muscular paralysis

-algia

condition of pain

neuralgia

condition of pain in a nerve

polyneuralgia

condition of pain in many nerves

-troph

development

autism

developmental disorder that varies in its severity with the patient, characterized by withdrawal from outward reality and impaired development in social conduct and communication; "disease of self"

-pathy

disease

cerebral atherosclerosis

disease in which brain vessels gradually close due to the accumulation of fatty plaques, reducing the flow of blood to the brain

ather/o

fatty plaque

quadri-

four

coma

general term describing several levels of abnormally decreased consciousness

gli/o

glue

poli/o

gray

hemi-

half

scler/o

hard

cephal/o

head

cephalalgia

headache, generalized pain in the region of the head

-cele

hernia, swelling, protrusion

excessive sensitivity to painful stimuli

hyperalgesia

excessive sensitive to a stimulus, such as touch, sound, or pain

hyperesthesia

deficient sensitivity to normally painful stimuli

hypoalgesia

aphasia

inability to speak

-itis

inflammation

encephalitis

inflammation of the brain; usually caused by bacterial or viral infection and is a life-threatening condition

gnos/o

knowledge

ventricul/o

little belly, ventricle

cerebell/o

little brain, cerebellum

vascul/o

little vessel

warning signs of a stroke (FAST)

- Face: ask the subject to smile to see if one side droops - Arms: ask the subject to raise both arms and observe if one arm drifts downward or is immovable - Speech: ask the subject to say something and listen for slurred or strange speech - Time: if any of the signs is present, call 911 immediately.

nervous system

- bran, spinal cord, and nerves - enables you to sense the world around you, integrate this information to form thoughts and memories, and control your body movements and many internal functions

Half of all TBIs in the United States are caused by what?

Motorcycle accidents

blood-brain barrier

a barrier between brain fluids and blood which provides protection from pathogens circulating in the bloodstream

cerebral palsy (CP)

a condition that appears at birth or shortly afterward as a partial muscle paralysis; persists throughout life and is caused by a brain lesion present at birth (congenital CP) or a brain malfunction that arises during early childhood (acquired CP)

cerebrovascular accident (CVA); stroke

a disruption of the normal flow of blood to the brain, resulting in the loss of brain function that often proves fatal; most common affliction of the nervous system

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); Lou Gehrig's disease

a progressive, terminal disease characterized by the progressive atrophy (loss) of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on the lateral columns of the spinal cord

convulsion, seizure

a series of involuntary muscular spasms caused by an uncoordinated excitation of motor neurons that triggers muscle contraction

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

a severe brain injury which often involves bleeding that can result in functional losses and death

syncope, fainting

a temporary loss of consciousness due to a sudden reduction of blood flow to the brain

-rrhage

abnormal discharge

cerebral aneurysm

affects arteries channeling blood to the brain, placing the brain at great risk of the damage that would result from a burst aneurysm

the loss of the ability to interpret sensory information

agnosia

par-

alongside, abnormal

para-

alongside, abnormal

ischemic stroke

may be caused by emboli (moving blood clots) or a thrombus (a lodged, stationary blood clot)

mening/i, mening/o

membrane

clinical psychologists

mental health professionals trained in the treatment of behavioral disorders

phren/o

mind

psych/o

mind

my/o

muscle

neur/o

nerve

radic/o, radicul/o

nerve root

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

nerves and ganglia outside the brain and spinal cord

a generalized experience of body fatigue, which is often associated with mental depression

neurasthenia

nerve cell

neuron

narc/o

numbness

mono-

one

-algesia

pain

-plegia

paralysis

an abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling caused by a injury to one or more nerves

paresthesia

-al, -ar, -ic, -us

pertaining to

microglia

phagocytic cells that ingest and break down waste products and pathogens in the CNS

neurologists

physicians who focus on brain or spinal cord treatments

psychiatrists

physicians who specialize in treating mental illness

embol/o

plug

-lepsy

seizure

aut/o

self

esthes/o

sensation

later/o

side

crani/o

skull, cranium

-malacia

softening

dysphasia

speech difficulty

myel/o

spinal cord, medulla, myelin

neurology

study and treatment of the nervous system and its diseases

gangli/o

swelling, knot

Bell's palsy

temporary paralysis of the face muscles on one side due to damage to the seventh cranial nerve (CN VII)

hemorrhage

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time

nervous tissue

tissue making the brain, spinal cord, and nerves

phas/o

to speak

-oma

tumor

epi-

upon, over, above, on top

vag/o

vagus nerve

hydr/o

water

-asthenia

weakness

intra-

within